Thoracic sonography for pneumothorax: the clinical evaluation of an operational space medicine spin-off

The recent interest in the use of ultrasound (US) to detect pneumothoraces after acute trauma in North America was initially driven by an operational space medicine concern. Astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) are at risk for pneumothoraces, and US is the only potential medical imaging available. Pneumothoraces are common following trauma, and are a preventable cause of death, as most are treatable with relatively simple interventions. While pneumothoraces are optimally diagnosed clinically, they are more often inapparent even on supine chest radiographs (CXR) with recent series reporting a greater than 50% rate of occult pneumothoraces. In the course of basic scientific investigations in a conventional and parabolic flight laboratory, investigators familiarized themselves with the sonographic features of both pneumothoraces and normal pulmonary ventilation. By examining the visceral–parietal pleural interface (VPPI) with US, investigators became confident in diagnosing pneumothoraces. This knowledge was subsequently translated into practice at an American and a Canadian trauma center. The sonographic examination was found to be more accurate and sensitive than CXR (US 96% and 100% versus US 74% and 36%) in specific circumstances. Initial studies have also suggested that detecting the US features of pleural pulmonary ventilation in the left lung field may offer the ability to exclude serious endotracheal tube malpositions such as right mainstem and esophageal intubations. Applied thoracic US is an example of a clinically useful space medicine spin-off that is improving health care on earth.     

Spore UV and acceleration resistance of endolithic Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis isolates obtained from Sonoran desert basalt: implications for lithopanspermia

Bacterial spores have been used as model systems for studying the theory of interplanetary transport of life by natural processes such as asteroidal or cometary impacts (i.e., lithopanspermia). Because current spallation theory predicts that near-surface rocks are ideal candidates for planetary ejection and surface basalts are widely distributed throughout the rocky planets, we isolated spore-forming bacteria from the interior of near-subsurface basalt rocks collected in the Sonoran desert near Tucson, Arizona. Spores were found to inhabit basalt at very low concentrations (相似文献   

绿色制造中的干切削技术

冷却润滑液的存储、使用以及废弃处理需要专门的物流系统,因而费用很高;冷却润滑液处理不当会对人的健康以及环境造成危害;工件经过湿加工后必须进行清洁处理,这都费时费力,同时增加了对系统的要求.基于上述原因,近年来干切削技术受到广泛关注.     

溅镀C轴倾斜的压电膜和切变波谐振器

作者对溅镀的压电膜能否应用于甚高频至微波频率的声波器件进行了研究。本文介绍了切变波谐振器用的C轴倾斜的氧化锌(ZnO)和氮化铝(AlN)膜的生长及特性。文中计算了某些膜的切变波激动的定向关系。这些膜在C轴取向与表面法线成大约45°时,可能激励出接近于纯的切变波。在其他角度,则只能激励准切变波和准纵向波。 C轴对膜法线倾斜方向合适的ZnO或AlN膜,是在配有辅助阳极的反应式直流面磁控管溅镀系统中生长的。这类膜可用扫描式电子显微镜(SEM)和体声波器件测量法进行鉴定。自Si基片法线倾斜的C轴晶粒柱形结构可在扫描式电子显微镜中清楚地看到。C轴倾斜角达45°,厚度达10微米的薄膜已经制做成功。在P~+Si基片上溅镀上ZnO和AlN可以制成复合谐振器。这类谐振器的Q值在200兆赫到500兆赫基频谐振范围内大约为5000。特别令人感兴趣的是可以对谐振频率进行温度补偿。在ZnO/Si和AlN/Si的复合结构上已制造出室温下串联谐振频率的绝对温度系数小于1×10~6/℃的谐振器。ZnO和AlN晶片谐振器的温度系数已测出为-36.2×10~-6/℃和-25×10~-6/℃。这表明P~+Si基片在切变膜时的温度系数大约是+9×10~6/℃、     

结构误差对旋转稳定弹丸气动特性影响的数值模拟

基于剪切应力传输(SST)k-ω湍流模型,对考虑结构误差情况下的弹箭模型进行数值模拟计算。首先采用CFD和工程经验公式相结合的方法,得到了不同马赫数、不同转速情况下无结构误差模型的多种气动特性参数。通过与实验数据对比,阻力、法向力、俯仰力矩、压心位置误差在10%以内,验证了该方法的可行性和准确性。然后,建立了考虑结构误差即质量分布不对称、弹体不同轴和无结构误差模型,并分别进行了气动特性模拟计算。结果表明,质量偏心对滚转阻尼力矩系数、马格努斯力矩系数影响很大;弹体不同轴对法向力系数导数、俯仰力矩系数导数、马格努斯力矩系数导数和压心位置都产生很大影响。结构误差使模型的多种气动特性参数产生很大变化,将影响其飞行弹道和稳定性。