英国既订购C-130J又参加FLA计划

英国国防部近期将订购25架洛克希德公司用C-130改进的C-130J运输机,用以部分替代英国皇家空军中现有的C-130运输机。该合同价值约13.5亿美元,加上飞行模拟器和其他辅助设备后,价值约15.6亿美元。英国同时还打算在FLA计划可行性研     

Energy utilization rates during shuttle extravehicular activities

The work rates or energy utilization rates during EVA are major factors in sizing of life support systems. These rates also provide a measure of ease of EVA and its cost in crew fatigue. From the first Shuttle EVA on the STS-6 mission in 1983, we have conducted 59 man-EVA and 341 man-hours of EVA. Energy utilization rates have been measured on each of these EVA. Metabolic rate was measured during each EVA using oxygen utilization corrected for suit leakage. From 1981–1987, these data were available for average data over the EVA or over large segments of the EVA. Since 1987, EVA oxygen utilization data were available at 2-minute intervals. The average metabolic rate on Shuttle EVA (194 kcal/hr.) has been significantly lower than metabolic rates during Apollo and Skylab missions. Peak rates have been below design levels, infrequent, and of short duration. The data suggest that the energy cost of tasks may be inversely related to the degree of training for the task. The data provide insight on the safety margins provided by life support designs and on the energy cost of Station construction EVA.     

叶顶不同位置喷气对涡轮间隙泄漏流动的影响

为研究叶顶喷气位置对涡轮间隙泄漏流动的影响,在低速条件下用五孔探针对不同叶顶喷气位置和间隙大小的涡轮叶栅出口进行了详细的测量,并通过数值计算对叶顶间隙三维流场进行了对比,分析叶顶不同位置喷气对三维流场和损失的影响。结果表明:叶顶喷气对泄漏流动的影响随间隙尺寸增大逐渐减弱,小间隙时喷气明显抑制了泄漏流动动能,在降低因泄漏涡所引起损失的同时增加了因通道涡产生的损失,靠近吸力边喷气方案使得泄漏涡损失峰值下降达48.6%,而通道涡损失峰值增加10.4%;大间隙时泄漏流动动能较大,喷气对泄漏流动的影响较小;通过减小泄漏流动动能以削弱泄漏涡与通道涡的相互作用,控制较大三维流动分离的发生,可有效改善流道内间隙侧的流动。     

亚声速横向气流中液体射流破碎过程的直接模拟

为研究亚声速横向气流中液体射流柱的变形、弯曲以及其破碎过程,利用LES结合VOF的方法,对射流破碎过程进行了直接模拟。通过计算观察得到射流柱进入到横流气体中后由于RayleighTaylor(RT)不稳定性和Kelvin-Helmholtz(K-H)不稳定性的共同作用迅速发生变形,并形成表面波,同时伴随着细小液滴的脱落,气流在射流柱后方形成涡状结构。在射流柱的迎风面上同时存在两种表面波,即RT表面波和KH表面波。模拟所得液柱纵向初始表面波波长为0.22mm,与K-H表面波波长理论公式计算所得相接近。通过对比射流柱的背风面和迎风面两侧,发现在横向来流中背风面上的大量细小液滴主要是由横向来流对液柱的不稳定性扰动造成迎风面上的液体向背风面方向挤压并剪切,最终脱落造成。     

Effect on the cardiac function of repeated LBNP during a 1-month head down tilt

Cardiovascular assessment by ultrasound methods was performed during two long duration (1 month) Head Down Tilt (HDT) on 6 healthy volunteers. On a first 1 month HDT session, 3 of the 6 subjects (A, B, C) had daily several lower body negative pressure tests (LBNP), whereas the 3 subjects remaining (D, E, F) rested without LBNP. On a second 1 month HDT session subjects D, E, and F had daily LBNP tests and the A, B and C subjects did not. The cardiac function was assessed by Echocardiography, (B mode, TM mode). On all the "6 non LBNP" subjects the left ventricule diastolic volume (LVDV), the stroke volume (SV) and the cardiac output (CO) increase (+10%, -15%) after HDT then decrease and remain inferior (-5%, -5%) or equal to the basal value during the HDT. Immediately after the end of the HDT the heart rate (HR) increase (+10%, +30%) whereas the cardiac parameters decrease weakly (-5%, -10%) and normalize after 3 days of recovery. On the "6 LBNP" subjects the LVDV, SV and CO increase (+10%, 15%) after 1 h HDT as in the previous group then decrease but remain superior (+5%, +15%) or equal to the basal value. After the HDT session, the HR is markedly increased (+20%, +40%) the LVDV and SV decrease (-15%, -20%) whereas the CO increases or decreases depending on the amplitude of the HR variations. These parameters do not completely normalize after 3 day's recovery. Repeated LBNP sessions have a significant effect on the cardiovascular function as it maintains all cardiac parameters above the basal value. The LBNP manoeuvre can be considered as an efficient countermeasure to prevent cardiac disadaptation induced by HDT position and probably microgravity.     

STARDUST: finessing expensive cometary sample returns

The STARDUST Discovery mission will collect samples of cometary coma and interstellar dust and return them to Earth. Five years after launch in February 1999, coma dust in the 1- to 100-micrometers size range will be captured by impact into ultra-low-density silica aerogel during a 6 kms-1 flyby of Comet Wild 2. The returned samples will be investigated at laboratories where the most critical information on these primitive materials is retained. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory will provide project management with Lockheed Martin Astronauts as the spacecraft industrial partner. STARDUST management will aggressively and innovatively achieve cost control through the use of Total Quality Management principles, the chief of which will be organization in a Project Engineering and Integration Team that "flattens" the traditional hierarchical structure by including all project elements from the beginning, in a concurrent engineering framework focusing on evolving Integrated Mission Capability.     

传输型光学遥感器斜模式采样新方法研究

文章介绍了实现超模式采样焦平面3种解决方案面临的技术难点,为避开器件问题提出了一 种新的斜模式采样方法。以任意两雏周期采样理论为基础分析了斜模式采样技术的物理原理,并通过实验 手段验证了斜模式采样技术的可行性。试验结果表明:改变探测器推扫方向的采样间距,斜模式采样技术 可以提高传输型光学遥感器图像的空间分辨率,该技术相对于超模式采样技术,工程实现上要简单。     

奢华“两舱”能多低价?

自2010年6月1日起,我国民航国内航线头等舱、公务舱票价实行市场调节价,这是民航业为适应国内航空运输市场发展,深化民航国内航空运输价格改革而进行的主动变革。不过实行市场调节机制后的头等舱和公务舱到底能多低价?航空公司的经营会受到多大的影响?旅客又能得到多少实惠呢?     

航空公司航线重组探讨

三大航空集团成立后，合理地调整航线成为企业再生产的基础。航线资源的重组要符合航空公司经营策略，即低成本策略、差异策略还是集中一点策略。在分析经营战略特点的基础上．研究了航线重组的策略。每种策略都要本着提高航线网络的质量和航班效率的原则。