“长剑”武器系统

一、序言“长剑”是一种专门用来对付现代低空飞机的防空制导武器。它适用于陆军和空军的固定或机动设施的防御。“长剑”是一种高度机动的轻型武器系统,它采用模式结构,成本低而机动性强。为了保证高的总杀伤概率,导弹采用了直接命中方式。“长剑”是按英国国防部的要求为英国陆军和皇家空军研制的。     

无人机拉索式发动机操纵系统精度特性及试验研究

精度是拉索式操纵系统的重要性能指标之一,其高低直接影响发动机的稳态和瞬态性能。介绍拉索 式发动机操纵系统的组成及原理,通过拉索式操纵系统精度试验,从单程精度、回程差和重复性精度三个维度 分析其精度特性;采用单一变量法,通过试验依次分析弹簧力臂和刚度系数、拉索导向套路线布置以及拉索的 长度等对操纵系统精度的影响。结果表明:拉索式操纵系统单程精度绝对值小于5%,在死区外的范围回程差 小于3%,重复性精度小于2%;可通过合理设计拉索长度及弹簧刚度系数缩小死区范围;拉索导向套两端的横 向间距过大会降低操纵系统精度。     

全系数自适应控制方法在湿热动力实验装置中的应用

在传热传质实验中经常存在多个热力参数的控制问题。为了快迅和精确地控制这些参数,提出强迫解耦的概念,采用计算机全系数自适应控制方法。该方法在湿热动力实验装置上的成功应用,为传热传质实验中存在的多参数控制问题提供了一种新的解决方式。     

M stars as targets for terrestrial exoplanet searches and biosignature detection

The changing view of planets orbiting low mass stars, M stars, as potentially hospitable worlds for life and its remote detection was motivated by several factors, including the demonstration of viable atmospheres and oceans on tidally locked planets, normal incidence of dust disks, including debris disks, detection of planets with masses in the 5-20 M() range, and predictions of unusually strong spectral biosignatures. We present a critical discussion of M star properties that are relevant for the long- and short-term thermal, dynamical, geological, and environmental stability of conventional liquid water habitable zone (HZ) M star planets, and the advantages and disadvantages of M stars as targets in searches for terrestrial HZ planets using various detection techniques. Biological viability seems supported by unmatched very long-term stability conferred by tidal locking, small HZ size, an apparent short-fall of gas giant planet perturbers, immunity to large astrosphere compressions, and several other factors, assuming incidence and evolutionary rate of life benefit from lack of variability. Tectonic regulation of climate and dynamo generation of a protective magnetic field, especially for a planet in synchronous rotation, are important unresolved questions that must await improved geodynamic models, though they both probably impose constraints on the planet mass. M star HZ terrestrial planets must survive a number of early trials in order to enjoy their many Gyr of stability. Their formation may be jeopardized by an insufficient initial disk supply of solids, resulting in the formation of objects too small and/or dry for habitability. The small empirical gas giant fraction for M stars reduces the risk of formation suppression or orbit disruption from either migrating or nonmigrating giant planets, but effects of perturbations from lower mass planets in these systems are uncertain. During the first approximately 1 Gyr, atmospheric retention is at peril because of intense and frequent stellar flares and sporadic energetic particle events, and impact erosion, both enhanced, the former dramatically, for M star HZ semimajor axes. Loss of atmosphere by interactions with energetic particles is likely unless the planetary magnetic moment is sufficiently large. For the smallest stellar masses a period of high planetary surface temperature, while the parent star approaches the main sequence, must be endured. The formation and retention of a thick atmosphere and a strong magnetic field as buffers for a sufficiently massive planet emerge as prerequisites for an M star planet to enter a long period of stability with its habitability intact. However, the star will then be subjected to short-term fluctuations with consequences including frequent unpredictable variation in atmospheric chemistry and surficial radiation field. After a review of evidence concerning disks and planets associated with M stars, we evaluate M stars as targets for future HZ planet search programs. Strong advantages of M stars for most approaches to HZ detection are offset by their faintness, leading to severe constraints due to accessible sample size, stellar crowding (transits), or angular size of the HZ (direct imaging). Gravitational lensing is unlikely to detect HZ M star planets because the HZ size decreases with mass faster than the Einstein ring size to which the method is sensitive. M star Earth-twin planets are predicted to exhibit surprisingly strong bands of nitrous oxide, methyl chloride, and methane, and work on signatures for other climate categories is summarized. The rest of the paper is devoted to an examination of evidence and implications of the unusual radiation and particle environments for atmospheric chemistry and surface radiation doses, and is summarized in the Synopsis. We conclude that attempts at remote sensing of biosignatures and nonbiological markers from M star planets are important, not as tests of any quantitative theories or rational arguments, but instead because they offer an inspection of the residues from a Gyr-long biochemistry experiment in the presence of extreme environmental fluctuations. A detection or repeated nondetections could provide a unique opportunity to partially answer a fundamental and recurrent question about the relation between stability and complexity, one that is not addressed by remote detection from a planet orbiting a solar-like star, and can only be studied on Earth using restricted microbial systems in serial evolution experiments or in artificial life simulations. This proposal requires a planet that has retained its atmosphere and a water supply. The discussion given here suggests that observations of M star exoplanets can decide this latter question with only slight modifications to plans already in place for direct imaging terrestrial exoplanet missions.     

Biomarker response to galactic cosmic ray-induced NOx and the methane greenhouse effect in the atmosphere of an Earth-like planet orbiting an M dwarf star

Planets orbiting in the habitable zone of M dwarf stars are subject to high levels of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), which produce nitrogen oxides (NOx) in Earth-like atmospheres. We investigate to what extent these NO(Mx) species may modify biomarker compounds such as ozone (O3) and nitrous oxide (N2O), as well as related compounds such as water (H2O) (essential for life) and methane (CH4) (which has both abiotic and biotic sources). Our model results suggest that such signals are robust, changing in the M star world atmospheric column due to GCR NOx effects by up to 20% compared to an M star run without GCR effects, and can therefore survive at least the effects of GCRs. We have not, however, investigated stellar cosmic rays here. CH4 levels are about 10 times higher on M star worlds than on Earth because of a lowering in hydroxyl (OH) in response to changes in the ultraviolet. The higher levels of CH4 are less than reported in previous studies. This difference arose partly because we used different biogenic input. For example, we employed 23% lower CH4 fluxes compared to those studies. Unlike on Earth, relatively modest changes in these fluxes can lead to larger changes in the concentrations of biomarker and related species on the M star world. We calculate a CH4 greenhouse heating effect of up to 4K. O3 photochemistry in terms of the smog mechanism and the catalytic loss cycles on the M star world differs considerably compared with that of Earth.     

涡桨发动机安装节拉杆系统力学分析

基于涡轮螺旋桨发动机安装节拉杆系统,对各拉杆的受力状态进行分析,推导拉杆系统力学方程,并得到拉杆之间的力学关系,结果显示各拉杆所受拉力比值为常数,该常数仅取决于拉杆的尺寸、安装角度、材料参数等。基于ANSYS Workbench建立拉杆系统有限元模型,对该系统进行静力学分析得到拉杆应变随拉力的变化关系,并得到不同拉杆拉力之间的关系,数值仿真结果与理论分析结论相互印证。为基于安装节拉杆的涡桨发动机飞行拉力测量奠定技术基础。     

实现航行新技术的CNS系统架构设计研究

从国际民航组织、美国联邦航空局、欧洲航空安全局和中国民用航空局已经发布的航行新技术政策及规章出发,包括基于性能的导航技术、自动相关监视技术、卫星通信技术和卫星着陆技术,提出了民机机载通信导航监视系统实现这些航行新技术的需求,总结了通信导航监视系统的传统系统架构,结合先进的航电系统架构设计技术、先进的航电数据网络设计技术,在民机型号研制经验的基础上,提出了一种新的通信导航监视系统实现架构。新架构是高度综合化、开放式的系统架构,增加了系统扩充功能的灵活性。最后,提出了工程实现上需要进一步考虑的适航和安全性分析、时间延迟及信号失真等方面的问题。     

机翼上表面吹气动力增升简化模型

利用安装在机翼上表面的发动机喷出的尾部高速气流增加机翼升力是一种有效的动力增升技术。不考虑流动分离的影响,建立从发动机尾喷口到襟翼前和沿襟翼偏折两部分流动的增升效果简化模型,根据伯努利方程和楔形流理论得到增升效果计算公式,获得升力系数增加范围。在此基础上,研究了发动机尾部气流速度、机翼上表面面积和襟翼角度的影响效果。研究结果表明,机翼上表面吹气可以很好地改善飞机的低速性能,实现飞机短距起降。     

航空发动机推力直接测量飞行试验

建立了基于推力直接测量原理的发动机总推力计算模型,合理忽略了某些次要力简化了计算模型。在推力销上加装剪力应变桥路,建立载荷标定方程和温度修正方程获取发动机安装节推力;利用进气道测量耙测试参数,计算飞行中进气道冲压阻力和压差阻力。在某型飞机上开展了推力直接测量飞行试验,获得了某小涵道比涡扇发动机飞行总推力,并分析了空中平飞加速过程总推力和各推(阻)变化规律。结果表明:飞行马赫数处在约0.98~1.02时,总推力随飞行马赫数增大而急剧增大;高度为8km、飞行马赫数为1.42时发动机最大状态总推力相对值为123.78%,高度为11km、飞行马赫数为1.69时总推力相对值为119.70%,均高于相同状态地面台架推力值。通过分析进气道压差阻力百分比,验证了发动机空中总推力测量结果具有较高的准确性以及推力直接测量技术的可行性。