Travel, Sex, and Food: What's Speciation Got to Do with It?

Abstract We discuss the potential interactions among travel (dispersal and gene flow), bacterial "sex" (mainly as horizontal gene transfer), and food (metabolic plasticity and responses to nutrient availability) in shaping microbial communities. With regard to our work at a unique desert oasis, the Cuatro Ciénegas Basin in Coahuila, Mexico, we propose that diversification and low phosphorus availability, in combination with mechanisms for nutrient recycling and community cohesion, result in enhanced speciation through reproductive as well as geographic isolation. We also discuss these mechanisms in the broader sense of ecology and evolution. Of special relevance to astrobiology and central to evolutionary biology, we ask why there are so many species on Earth and provide a working hypothesis and a conceptual framework within which to consider the question. Key Words: Microbial ecology-Microbial mats-Evolution-Horizontal gene transfer-Metabolism. Astrobiology 12, 634-640.     

The cuatro ciénegas basin in coahuila, Mexico: an astrobiological precambrian park

Abstract The Cuatro Ciénegas Basin (CCB) is a rare oasis in the Chihuahuan Desert in the state of Coahuila, Mexico. It has a biological endemism similar to that of the Galapagos Islands, and its spring-fed ecosystems have very low nutrient content (nitrogen or phosphorous) and are dominated by diverse microbialites. Thus, it has proven to be a distinctive opportunity for the field of astrobiology, as the CCB can be seen as a proxy for an earlier time in Earth's history, in particular the late Precambrian, the biological frontier when prokaryotic life yielded at least partial dominance to eukaryotes and multicellular life. It is a kind of ecological time machine that provides abundant opportunities for collaborative investigations by geochemists, geologists, ecologists, and population biologists in the study of the evolutionary processes that structured Earth-based life, especially in the microbial realm. The CCB is an object of investigation for the identification of biosignatures of past and present biota that can be used in our search for extraterrestrial life. In this review, we summarize CCB research efforts that began with microbial ecology and population biology projects and have since been expanded into broader efforts that involve biogeochemistry, comparative genomics, and assessments of biosignatures. We also propose that, in the future, the CCB is sanctioned as a "Precambrian Park" for astrobiology. Key Words: Microbial mats-Stromatolites-Early Earth-Extremophilic microorganisms-Microbial ecology. Astrobiology 12, 641-647.     

无人机航程与续航时间的实时估算方法研究

无人机的航程和续航时间是确定无人机顺利飞行任务的关键战术技术指标。针对无人机任务飞行时,影响其航程和续航时间的因素较多,根据空气动力学原理和运动学原理,探索实时估算无人机航程和续航时间的方法及应用设想。     

惯性粒子分离器清除流道PIV测量与分析

采用粒子成像测速技术（PIV）对惯性粒子分离器弯曲通道模型进行内部流动测试,分析其清除流道流场的结构特点。试验发现,在清除流道进口的不同高度截面上均有回流涡的存在,在不同清除流比（SCR,14%~20%）、不同流量下回流涡结构不同。回流涡的存在是导致小粒径颗粒分离效率低的原因之一。试验结果表明：固体壁面对该回流涡存在很大影响,即越靠近壁面回流涡尺度越大;当SCR值越大时,回流涡占清除流道面积越小;而当进口流量增大时,回流涡尺度变化很小。内部流场以及回流涡尺度的主要影响因素为SCR。本文结果可以为数值模拟以及分离器结构改进提供依据。     

基于非接触测量技术的低速风洞连续扫描试验技术研究

基于Optotrak非接触光学测量系统,建立了风洞试验模型三维姿态角测量方法,实现了模型姿态角的高精度、实时、外触发时钟同步测量.基于该方法测量模型三维实时姿态角,在FL-14低速风洞开展了张线尾撑下YF-16飞机1:9标模纵、横向连续扫描测力试验.试验结果表明,在0.3°/s的扫描速率下,连续扫描与步进试验数据比对一致性好,各气动分量同期重复性达到国军标合格或先进指标.连续扫描试验获得了更为详尽完整的气动特性信息,同时显著提升了试验效率.     

基模高斯激光束高倍率扩束实验研究

基于激光光学设计了一个适合实验室环境的高倍率激光扩束系统,并进行了相应的实验研究。实验结果表明束腰半径为0.295mm的激光束,最大被扩束至束腰半径约12.04mm。     

基于可靠性的太阳能飞机多学科设计优化

针对太阳能飞机典型任务要求,建立了以总重最小为目标的多学科设计优化模型,考虑飞行性能、能量、重量3个学科的设计变量和相应约束条件。同时考虑设计变量的不确定性影响,将序列优化及可靠性评估方法引入到并行子空间优化过程中,顺序执行可靠性分析和多学科设计优化以提高执行效率。在优化过程中应用响应面近似并不断提高模型精度,降低了计算成本。利用iSIGHT软件搭建求解平台,以欧洲太阳能飞机"HeliPlat"作为算例,验证了分析模型的合理性和优化方法的有效性。基于可靠性的多学科设计优化框架有望用于更贴合工程实际的太阳能飞机设计。     

基于寿命剖面的鱼雷环境条件分析及可靠性试验剖面制定

本文基于鱼雷的寿命剖面,系统分析了鱼雷在全寿命周期内的贮存及使用环境条件,研究制定了鱼雷的可靠性试验剖面,为鱼雷产品的可靠性试验提供了基础,也为鱼雷的可靠性试验剖面制定提供了方法。     

风洞模型位移光学测量技术应用综述

风洞试验中,模型姿态的测量是影响数据精准度的一个重要因素,而测量上的一个微小变化,常常对实际应用价值造成巨大影响.当代测量技术发展的一个新领域是应用光学技术.概述了国外主要的风洞模型位移光学测量系统,包括测量依据、应用风洞、模型要求、数据后处理以及精度情况.这些测量系统应用于静态试验和动态试验中,用于模型位移、姿态角和弯曲变形的测量.从应用现状、应用环节、操作步骤、发展趋势等方面进行了描述,并给出了结论.比较这些模型位移光学测量技术可知它们各有优缺点,应用条件不一样.     

轨道快速机动期间的姿态鲁棒稳定控制方法研究

根据挠性充液航天器刚液柔强耦合、变参数及模型不确定的特点,研究了一种神经网络输出变结构控制算法.根据该算法提出了轨道快速机动卜的姿态控制方案,设计了控制系统并对干扰力矩、模型不确定性等工况进行了仿真.仿真结果表明在发动机干扰力矩和模型不确定情况下.系统能够快速稳定到要求的精度.所设计的系统具有较强的鲁棒性,能够抑制挠性附件振动和液体晃动的影响.