An experimental and empirical model of electron temperature for altitudes of 500 to 1000 km and for a high solar activity period

On the basis of systematic electron temperature measurements onboard the Interkosmos-19 satellite, an experimental global model of electron temperature T_e has been constructed; namely, a set of samples representing 10 intervals of measured T_e, accompanied by values of the geographic longitude, solar zenith angle, season of the year, Covington index, Dst and Kp, grouped according to the invariant latitude, geomagnetic time and altitude. On the basis of the experimental model, the coefficients of the empirical models for the summer and winter seasons, for geophysically quiet conditions, and for heights of 520, 600, 920 and 1000 km are calculated. For heights of 680, 760 and 840 km with fewer data available, the coefficients are provisional.     

Advances in signal processing technology for electronic warfare

The denial of effective communications by enemy forces during hostile military operations has been a primary concern for military commanders since the inception of radio communications on the battlefield before World War II. Since then, the electromagnetic environment has been in a constant state of evolution toward more sophisticated jam-resistant and convert forms of modulation. For example, exotic modulation techniques employing spread spectrum (SS) signaling are routinely used by our adversaries to provide their communication links an advantage over US and Allied jammers. These same spread spectrum modulation techniques are being refined to provide convert, low probability-of-intercept (LPI) features to the unintended interceptor. The thrust of this paper focuses on developments in the theory and algorithms for detection, characterization, and exploitation of advanced waveforms using new mathematical signal processing tools. Specifically, quadratic time-frequency signal representations, wavelet transforms, and cyclostationary signal processing are introduced. This overview demonstrates the importance of these advanced techniques in a clear and concise manner. Applications and future research activities are described     

Data Quantization for Narrowband Signal Detection

In automatic radar detection, digital integration of the envelope detector outputs is often used as a good approximation to the optimum. This requires quantizing the envelope detector outputs. In this paper, quantizer structures for narrowband signal detection are considered. Quantizer characteristics are derived to optimize performance as measured by the detector efficacy?an asymptotic performance measure. Asymptotic and finite sample performance results are presented. The results obtained are not limited in their application to Gaussian noise only, although this important case is given specific consideration.     

Megahertz power converters for specific power systems

Some of the problems in the development of pulsewidth power converters when the switching frequency is increased from hundreds of kilohertz to tens of megahertz are highlighted. The major goal is the establishment of a ten megahertz power chain designed to operate in a distributed system from a DC power bus of 24 to 48 V. Available components and materials are discussed, and possible topologies-flyback, forward, push-pull forward, and buck converters-are examined. The performance criteria chosen for this analysis are, in the order of preference, output requirements, size and weight, efficiency, and cost     

Prebiotic oligodeoxynucleotide synthesis in a cyclic evaporating system at low temperatures.

Deoxynucleoside 5'-monophosphates were condensed by cyanamide or by l-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide in the presence of ammonium chloride at 0 degree, 37 degrees or 60 degrees C through several cycles of evaporation to dryness with replenishment of all reactants at each cycle. We found that at 37 degrees or 60 degrees cyanamide gives distinctly more high molecular weight material than does carbodiimide. Indeed, the yield of condensed products for the cyanamide reaction (dimers and higher oligomers) was found to be between 60 percent and 80 percent. The molecular weight distribution of the product shifts to higher molecular weights as cycling continues at 37 degrees or 60 degrees for both condensing agents. The water soluble carbodiimide gives higher yields of low molecular weight product but much lower yields of the higher molecular weight products. At 0 degree yields of high molecular weight product were low for both condensing agents. Results of characterization of the products demonstrate the synthesis of oligodeoxynucleotides including tetramers, with 3'-5' phosphodiester linkages.     

Avionics data buses: an overview

An overview of military avionics data buses and their applications, with the emphasis on optical fiber networking techniques. The evolution of military avionics data buses is discussed. The development trend actually reflects an increasing demand on such data buses, which requires the change from low-speed to high-speed transmissions, from single-rate to dual-rate operations, and from centralized control to distributed control. Recent progress in military avionics networks is described.     

The sticking probability of a hydrogen atom on icy mantle.

In the present work, we investigate the sticking process of a hydrogen atom on the surface of dust grains. As a realistic model for the icy mantle of dust grains, we produced slab-shaped amorphous water ice with infinite area by classical molecular dynamics (MD) computational simulation using two-dimensional periodic boundary condition. The resulting amorphous water ice slabs at 10 K and 70 K were found to be in good agreement with the experimental high-density and low-density amorphous water ice, respectively. Then, we investigated the dynamical behaviors of an impinging H atom on the surface of it by MD simulations. The sticking probabilities of incident H atoms with several initial temperatures on 10 K and 70 K ice were obtained. It was found that most of H atoms colliding with the 10 K ice stuck on the surface of it. After having stuck, the impinging H atoms diffused on the surface of ice and became trapped in one of potential wells on the surface. The mobility of a H atom on the surface of the amorphous water ice was found to depend only upon the temperature of ice.     

Evaluation of light emitting diode characteristics for a space-based plant irradiation source.

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are a promising irradiation source for plant growth in space. Improved semiconductor technology has yielded LED devices fabricated with gallium aluminum arsenide (GaAlAs) chips which have a high efficiency for converting electrical energy to photosynthetically active radiation. Specific GaAlAs LEDs are available that emit radiation with a peak wavelength near the spectral peak of maximum quantum action for photosynthesis. The electrical conversion efficiency of installed systems (micromole s-1 of photosynthetic photons per watt) of high output LEDs can be within 10% of that for high pressure sodium lamps. Output of individual LEDs were found to vary by as much as 55% from the average of the lot. LED ratings, in mcd (luminous intensity per solid angle), were found to be proportional to total photon output only for devices with the same dispersion angle and spectral peak. Increasing current through the LED increased output but also increased temperature with a consequent decrease in electrical conversion efficiency. A photosynthetic photon flux as high as 900 micromoles m-2 s-1 has been produced on surfaces using arrays with LEDs mounted 7.6 mm apart, operating as a current of 50 mA device-1 and at an installed density of approximately 17,200 lamps m-2 of irradiated area. Advantages of LEDs over other electric light sources for use in space systems include long life, minimal mass and volume and being a solid state device.     

An advanced flight control and navigation system implementation fortactical helicopters

US Army helicopters that will allow single-crewmember operability in tactical environments require a high degree of automation. A tightly integrated flight control and navigation system has been studied. An architecture is discussed which meets anticipated flight control and navigation requirements, at an acceptable weight, using techniques of functional and physical integration. The architecture maximizes the sharing of sensor and computational resources in a flight critical environment and uses modular equipment packaging, dual fault-tolerant tetrad ring-laser-gyro inertial measurement units, and triplex self-checking processor pair-based flight critical processing channels     

Thermoluminescent dose measurements on-board Salyut type orbital stations.

A small, vibration- and shock-resistant thermoluminescent dosemeter /TLD/ system--named PILLE--was developed at the Health Physics Department of the Central Research Institute for Physics, Budapest, to measure the cosmic radiation dose on board orbital stations. The first on-board measurements with this system were performed /by B. Farkas, the Hungarian astronaut/, on the Salyut-6 space station in 1980. The same instrument was used by other crews in the following years. Doses measured at different sites in Salyut-6 are presented. The dose rates varied from 0.07 to 0.11 mGy.day-1. After the first cosmic measurements, the system was further developed. The minimum detectable dose of the new TLD system is 1 microGy, i.e. less by on order of magnitude than that of the former system. The self-irradiation dose rate of the TLD bulbs is also reduced--by more than one order of magnitude--to 10 nGy.h-1, by the use of potassium-free glass for the bulb envelope. This new type of PILLE TLD system is currently on-board Salyut-7. The dose rates /0.12-0.23 mGy.day-1/ measured in 1983 are presented in detail.