Skylab experiment M-092: results of the first manned mission

Blood pressure at 30-sec intervals, heart rate, and percentage increase in leg volume continuously were recorded during a 25-min protocol in the M092 Inflight Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP) experiment carried out in the first manned Skylab mission. These data were collected during six tests on each crewman over a 5-month preflight period. The protocol consisted of a 5-min resting control period, 1 min at -8, 1 min at -16, 3 min at -30, 5 min at -40, and 5 min at -50 mm Hg LBNP. A 5-min recovery period followed. Inflight tests were performed at approximately 3-day intervals through the 28-day mission. Individual variations in cardiovascular responses to LBNP during the preflight period continued to be demonstrated in the inflight tests. Measurements of the calf indicated that a large volume of fluid was shifted out of the legs early in the flight and that a slower decrease in leg volume, presumably due to loss of muscle tissue, continued throughout the flight. Resting heart rates tended to be low early in the flight and to increase slightly as the flight progressed. Resting blood pressure varied but usually was characterized by slightly elevated systolic blood pressure, lower diastolic pressure, and higher pulse pressures than during preflight examinations. During LBNP inflight a much greater increase in leg volume occurred than in preflight tests. Large increases occurred even at the smallest levels of negative pressure, suggesting that the veins of the legs were relatively empty at the beginning of the LBNP. The greater volume of blood pooled in the legs was associated with greater increases of heart rate and diastolic pressure and larger falls of systolic and pulse pressure than seen in preflight tests. The LBNP protocol represented a greater stress inflight, and on three occasions it was necessary to stop the test early because of impending syncopal reactions. LBNP responses inflight appeared to predict the degree of postflight orthostatic intolerance. Postflight responses to LBNP during the first 48 hours were characterized by marked elevations of heart rate and instability of blood pressure. In addition, systolic and diastolic pressures were typically elevated considerably both at rest and also during stress. The time required for cardiovascular responses to return to preflight levels was much slower than in the case of Apollo crewmen.     

Mineral and nitrogen balance study: results of metabolic observations on Skylab II 28-day orbital mission

Prediction that the various stresses of flight, particularly weightlessness, would bring about significant derangements in the metabolism of the musculoskeletal system has been based on various observations of long-term immobilized or inactive bed rest. The only attempt at controlled measurement of metabolic changes in space prior to Skylab, a study during the 14-day Gemini VII flight, revealed rather modest losses of important elements. The three astronauts of Skylab II consumed a planned day-by-day, quite constant, dietary intake of major metabolic elements in mixed foods and beverages and provided virtually complete collections of excreta for 31 days preflight, during the 28 days inflight, and for 17 days postflight. Analyses showed that, in varying degree among the crewmen, urinary calcium increased gradually during flight in a pattern similar to that observed in bed-rest studies: the mean plateau peak of urinary calcium excretion in the latter part of flight was double preflight levels. Fecal calcium excretion did not change significantly, but calcium balance, owing to the urinary calcium rise, became either negative or less positive than in preflight measurement. Increased excretion and negative balance of nitrogen and phosphorus indicated appreciable loss of muscle tissue in all three crewmen. Significant losses also occurred inflight in potassium, sodium, and magnesium. Based on the similarity in pattern and degree between these observations and those in bed rest of the losses in calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, musculoskeletal integrity would not be threatened in space flights of up to at least 3 months. However, if similar changes occur, indicative of continuing losses of these elements, in the planned Skylab flights for considerably more than 28 days, concern for capable musculoskeletal function should be serious for flights of very many months' duration, and greater research attention will need to be given to development of protective counter-measures.     

雷达的韧性、适应性和容量,以及反馈控制的重要性

雷达的作用是向其他系统提供信息,这是不会改变的.现在雷达采用了各种技术,这使雷达比以往任何时候都更经常地采用反馈控制方法来获得韧性、适应性和容量.使雷达对已取得的数据起反应,使反馈控制技术的全部效益发挥出来,只有这样才能设计出更为有价值的雷达来.     

航天飞机纤维缠绕壳体的抗压强度研究:第一部分—试验

航天飞机起飞的瞬间,其主发动机的点火给予固体火箭助推发动机的纤维缠绕壳体一个很大的弯矩,使复合材料壳体的尾部受到了很大的压缩载荷。由于连接的需要,复合壳体尾部具有很复杂的设计,涉及到嵌入的布带和螺旋层减薄问题。为了研究发射瞬间加载状态下的纤维缠绕壳体性能,开始了试验和分析的综合研究。本文将叙述试验计划的研究结果,包括几台全尺寸和300多台缩比壳体的试验。该计划从短期研制工作开始,其目的是要确定适合的缩比试验样品,以便测定材料的抗压强度。一旦缩比样品确定之后,就开始实施更全面的试验计划来确定缠绕壳体的工艺和设计参数变化对强度的影响。为了验证分析预测的有效性,在模拟发射瞬间的弯曲状态中进行了全尺寸壳体试验。在所有的试验中特别注意观察壳体破坏的顺序,即载荷从螺旋层薄弱部位传递到坚固布带终止部位的复杂过程。     

大电流输出DC-DC转换器瞬态响应的提高

涉及到64位微处理机使用的低压大电流输出DC—DC转换器，为了提高其动态响应而开发出同步并联倍流整流器。因此，在输出为1．3V／130A的原型机上以300A／μs的转换速率实现了50mV的输出电压偏差。     

纹波电流对消电路

纹波电流对消技术将等于或相反的正常变换器纹波电流的AC电流注入变换器输出电压母线。理想的输出纹波电流为零，结果能产生超低噪声变换器输出电压。电路几乎不需要其他元件，也不需要有源电路。只需附加一个滤波感应绕组、一个辅助电感器和一个小电容器。电路把改进型滤波电感器的泄漏电感用作全部或一部分所要求的辅助电感。纹波对消与转换频率、占空比和其他变换器参数无关。电路消除了连续传导模式和断续传导模式时的纹波电流。试验结果表明，纹波电流值降低了80X以上。     

星间红外探测与测量系统

文章主要介绍了具有凝视成像功能的红外探测系统的研究和设计。首先简要描述了红外测角系统的组成和工作原理；然后重点论述了红外探测系统的性能指标和光学设计；最后对红外探测系统设计研究作了总结和展望。     

再入制导和弹道跟踪误差分析

新一代可重复使用运载器对再入制导提出了更高地要求。目前的空间运输系统证明基于阻力加速度的制导方法是行之有效的。其基本概念是跟踪基准阻力加速度包线，在飞行过程中可根据需要更新这个包线。跟踪适当的阻力加速度包线保证了飞行器可以飞行准确的距离达到目标，同时满足弹道约束。在横向上，我们可采用类似于美国航天飞机的倾斜反转逻辑或航向角跟踪技术。本文推导出了基于反馈线性化的控制算法，并将其应用于可重复使用运载器纵向和横向的制导。最后，我们分析了阻力加速度跟踪的误差。     

微烟点火药剂GHN—1的性能

本文介绍了一种含硝胺的双基系微烟点火药剂的性能,其特点是能量高、燃速高、压力指数高(～0.9)和烟雾小,它可以应用于无烟固体火箭发动机。     

固体火箭发动机的加速度效应

本文研究旋转固体火箭发动机在加速度载菏下的性能变化。根据至今己提出的4种重要模式:力学模式、热力学模式、应力模式、气动力学模式,得出了每种模式的简化模型,并附加了一个内弹道计算机程序。分析结果表明,应力模式对圆孔药柱并不重要。其它模式对固体发动机性能都有影响。分析结果与发动机数据比较表明,侵蚀燃烧效应是旋转速度的函数。