PAMIR—一种宽带相控阵SAR／MTI系统

在未来的各种监视侦察任务中，机载及星载成像雷达系统必须满足越来越严格的要求。下一代最高水平的合成孔径雷达(SAR)系统将具有高灵敏度地面动目标指示能力和多种复杂工作模式，其中包括高分辨率和远距离成像能力。只有通过运用可重构相控阵天线连同综合宽带系统设计以及多通道能力才能完成各种任务。在FGAN已经设想出一种新的X波段实验雷达，该雷达最终将被改进成拥有由16个自动可重构子孔径组成的电控相控阵，5个独立的接收通道和大约1．8GHz的总信号带宽。这种传感器叫做PAMIR(多功能相控阵成像雷达)。着重用实例说明远距离超高分辨率SAR成像。借助于地面动目标的逆SAR(ISAR)成像也能实现高分辨率。而且，通过空时自适应信号处理和超高3一D分辨率单向干涉SAR(IfSAR)，接收通道的数目将提供地面动目标指示(GMTI)。在一个接收通道和机械控制天线阵列的情况下，PAMIR在其现行发展阶段中是切实可行的。文章介绍了PAMIR的系统设计和预期能力，并提供了高分辨率SAR及ISAR成像的地面及机载实验结果。     

Vegetation's red edge: a possible spectroscopic biosignature of extraterrestrial plants

Earth's deciduous plants have a sharp order-of-magnitude increase in leaf reflectance between approximately 700 and 750 nm wavelength. This strong reflectance of Earth's vegetation suggests that surface biosignatures with sharp spectral features might be detectable in the spectrum of scattered light from a spatially unresolved extrasolar terrestrial planet. We assess the potential of Earth's step-function-like spectroscopic feature, referred to as the "red edge," as a tool for astrobiology. We review the basic characteristics and physical origin of the red edge and summarize its use in astronomy: early spectroscopic efforts to search for vegetation on Mars and recent reports of detection of the red edge in the spectrum of Earthshine (i.e., the spatially integrated scattered light spectrum of Earth). We present Earthshine observations from Apache Point Observatory (New Mexico) to emphasize that time variability is key to detecting weak surface biosignatures such as the vegetation red edge. We briefly discuss the evolutionary advantages of vegetation's red edge reflectance, and speculate that while extraterrestrial "light-harvesting organisms" have no compelling reason to display the exact same red edge feature as terrestrial vegetation, they might have similar spectroscopic features at different wavelengths than terrestrial vegetation. This implies that future terrestrial-planet-characterizing space missions should obtain data that allow time-varying, sharp spectral features at unknown wavelengths to be identified. We caution that some mineral reflectance edges are similar in slope and strength to vegetation's red edge (albeit at different wavelengths); if an extrasolar planet reflectance edge is detected care must be taken with its interpretation.     

某航天系统控制器的电磁兼容设计

简要介绍了航天控制器系统中电磁兼容的设计,并详细地介绍了1553B总线的电磁兼容的设计,对航天系统控制器的电磁环境特点进行了分析,提出了电磁兼容设计中新思路,解决了消除航天控制器系统中可能出现的各种电磁干扰和泄漏,从而使各项指标满足总体以及国军标GJB1143和GJB151A对电磁兼容性的要求.同时将问题的解决提到了设计与开发的过程,为1553B总线的硬件设计、电磁兼容、可靠性设计提供了参考.     

GPS计划增加新的保安措施

克林顿政府最近计划在10年内停止降低GPS的精度,以便有时间来研制替代的方法来限制敌方军队利用GPS。消除GPS“粗/捕获”(C/A)信号的选择可用性(SA)误差是美国研究委员会(NRC)去年春天强烈建议的。由NRC一个专家组编写的这份报告呼吁支持GPS的未来研究,还建议用具体的替代技术来防止敌方使用GPS。报告还提出了对非军方用户的GPS增强方案。     

信号源特性和测量方法

本文是一篇关于频率稳定度测量技术和频率源噪声特性的评论性文章。首先,介绍频谱分析和时域测量的发展历史,然后对双采样(阿仑)方差而不是对传统的方差加以叙述。其次,交替使用不同方法对一整套测量步骤加以概述。还给出了测量结果的解释方法。特别是将讨论五种常用噪声模型(白色调相、闪变调相、白色调频、闪变调频和随机游动调频)及其产生原因和分类方法。讨论了不同量度的置信区间。此外,还指出了当数据点为一固定数时改善置信区间的方法。这些内容将从概念上详细地加以阐明,仅作少量(基本)的数学论述。虽然本文将对传统的概念加以详细叙述,但是在文中提出了两个新的题目:(1)数字分析和用计算机进行分析的精度极限;(2)从一组固定输入数据中选择最佳结果。最后部分将专门介绍通用频率标准中噪声的基本(物理)原因。还介绍了时域—频域的变换及其反变换。     

高压气体临界流速文氏喷嘴的初步校准

本文报告了一组5个临界流速文氏喷咀的性能鉴定试验。这些喷咀是在国家工程试验室(NEL—Natianal Engineering La-boratory)称重式气体流量标准试验台上进行的校准试验。文中也对这座难一的试验台作了说明。把试验确定的喷咀流量系数与其它试验室对此基本参考标准试验的类似喷咀流量系数作了比较,也与理论值进行了比     

Radiation protection of astronauts in LEO

Radiological protection for space flights is often perceived as a technico-scientific problem. All this is the result of the effects of radiation encountered in space and manned flight conditions. The main characteristics of this radiation come from its complex composition and its large energy spectrum which must be taken into account as well as flux variations by both solar activity and the vehicle position on orbit. Inside a vehicle, structures constitute irregularly distributed shields and lead to a specific dose at each location. To be able to protect the crew, it is first necessary to understand the threat and therefore to identify the radiation environment: extraterrestrial and orbital. As the environment varies with both the orbit position and time, the dose received in each critical organ during missions must be determined and compared with acceptable limits. To counter the threat, which may exceed acceptable limits, a strategy is required, including the complementary aspects of prevention, detection, protection and possibly treatment.     

Unilateral centrifugation of the otoliths as a new method to determine bilateral asymmetries of the otolith apparatus in man

Ten healthy subjects were eccentrically rotated with constant speed on a Barany chair. Setting of a luminous line (LL) to the subjective vertical and ocular counter-roll (OCR) were evaluated. During eccentric position rotation subjects consistently reported illusory rotation and set the LL to an angle correlating to centrifugal force. At the same time an OCR of opposite direction was measured. In one patient, labyrinthectomized on the right side, only counterclockwise rotation of the luminous line was observed. Differences between "inner" and "outer" eye were evident for luminous line settings and OCR in some subjects. The results indicate that eccentric rotation is a valuable method to test for bilateral otolith asymmetries. The method can be applied to preflight tests of astronaut candidates for susceptibility to spacesickness. It is also offered for clinical evaluation of unilateral otolith impairments.