火箭发动机的爆破压力预估

本文用弹性——塑性和简单的不稳定性理论预估火箭发动机壳体的爆破压力。而材料的特性经验地用修正的Ramberg-Osgood的公式表示。当发动机壳体达到塑性不稳定时,就发生爆破。对发动机壳体的静态和动态两种情况进行了分析。在静态情况下,推出了爆破压力方程的显式。对于飞行状态,爆破压力是不显示地从一个超越方程的根而得出。分析计算基于如下假设:在发动机壳体最薄的断面产生破裂,如在平行的部位或圆盖形的端部。这个理论得到了验证,与试验结果极为吻合。对于特定的发动机壳体而言,预估的爆破压力的误差在3％之内。在专用设备上静态模拟飞行条件。     

遥测的过去现在和将来

本文回顾了二十年前的遥测技术,与目前的技术作了比较,并对将来的遥测作出了推测。评述的内容包括:遥测系统的特性、设备的单元价格、遥测在过去、目前的应用情况以及未来可能获得的应用。本文中关键的字眼是“选择”。二十年前,用户在设备和技术方面都没有什么选择的余地,但现在的技术提供了一个广泛的选择范围;有迹象表明,今后在性能、价格以及遥测作为数据采集和处理手段方面会有更广泛的选择。     

MERIS光谱仪与成像通道

MERIS光谱仪是一种用于欧空局ENVISAT-1卫星上的推扫式中等分辨率光谱成像仪。其对地观测的光谱范围为400-1050um,天底点处空间分辨率为26m,刈幅度为1500km,主要提供海洋和陆地信息。 MERIS光谱仪有6台相机,呈扇形并置在一起,视场角可达82° 该光谱仪独特之处在于能够根据地面指令在整个光谱范围内选择窄谱段的位置和宽度,一共可选择15个谱段,带宽在1.25-30nm之间。 本文详细介绍该光谱成像仪的关键部件,如光谱仪的光学系统,配有超薄背光照明CCD、工作温度为-25℃的焦面机构,低噪声视频模拟装置及信号12bits数字化。     

Thoracic sonography for pneumothorax: the clinical evaluation of an operational space medicine spin-off

The recent interest in the use of ultrasound (US) to detect pneumothoraces after acute trauma in North America was initially driven by an operational space medicine concern. Astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) are at risk for pneumothoraces, and US is the only potential medical imaging available. Pneumothoraces are common following trauma, and are a preventable cause of death, as most are treatable with relatively simple interventions. While pneumothoraces are optimally diagnosed clinically, they are more often inapparent even on supine chest radiographs (CXR) with recent series reporting a greater than 50% rate of occult pneumothoraces. In the course of basic scientific investigations in a conventional and parabolic flight laboratory, investigators familiarized themselves with the sonographic features of both pneumothoraces and normal pulmonary ventilation. By examining the visceral–parietal pleural interface (VPPI) with US, investigators became confident in diagnosing pneumothoraces. This knowledge was subsequently translated into practice at an American and a Canadian trauma center. The sonographic examination was found to be more accurate and sensitive than CXR (US 96% and 100% versus US 74% and 36%) in specific circumstances. Initial studies have also suggested that detecting the US features of pleural pulmonary ventilation in the left lung field may offer the ability to exclude serious endotracheal tube malpositions such as right mainstem and esophageal intubations. Applied thoracic US is an example of a clinically useful space medicine spin-off that is improving health care on earth.     

Influence of the gravitational vertical on geometric visual illusions

The occurrence of geometric orientation illusions and the perception of ambiguous figures were analyzed in 24 subjects during static body tilt relative to gravity on Earth. Results showed that illusions such as the Rock's diamond/square, the Ponzo illusion, and orientation contrast illusions occurred less frequently, and that depth reversal of ambiguous figures took more time when subjects were lying on their side or supine compared to upright, thus suggesting that the gravitational reference plays a significant role in these “visual” illusions. The structure of images, our representation of the environment, and orientation relative to gravity are all integral parts in interpreting visual images. In a weightless environment where no gravitational reference can be used, it is expected that similar alterations in visual perception will occur.     

Neutral buoyancy and sleep-deprived serum factors alter expression of cytokines regulating osteogenesis

We examined expression of genes associated with cytokine production, and genes implicated in regulating bone metabolism, in bone stromal and osteoblast cells incubated under standard ground conditions and under conditions of neutral buoyancy, and in the presence/absence of serum from normal or sleep-deprived mice. We observed a clear interaction between these two conditions (exposure to neutral buoyancy and serum stimulation) in promoting enhanced osteoclastogenesis. Both conditions independently altered expression of a number of cytokines implicated in the regulation of bone metabolism. However, using stromal cells from IL-1 and TNFx cytokine(r) KO mice, we concluded that the increased bone loss under microgravity conditions was not primarily cytokine mediated.     

Experimental support for an immunological approach to the search for life on other planets

We propose a three-phase approach to test for evidence of life in extraterrestrial samples. The approach capitalizes on the flexibility, sensitivity, and specificity of antibody-antigen interactions. Data are presented to support the first phase, in which various extraction protocols are compared for efficiency, and in which a preliminary suite of antibodies are tested against various antigens. The antigens and antibodies were chosen on the basis of criteria designed to optimize the detection of extraterrestrial biomarkers unique to living or once-living organisms.     

我应邀参加美国冲击振动讨论会

应美国海军冲击振动情报中心主任蒲西(H·pusey)的邀请,北京强度环境研究所周锡仪、吴家驹二人出席了美国第52届冲击振动讨论会。会议由美国海军试验室冲击振动情报中心组织,美国国防部防核局和美军水路试验局主持,1981年10月26日至29日在美国新奥尔良城举行。来自美国、法国、加拿大、英国、澳大利亚、印度、瑞士和中国等国家的400多名