高超声速脉冲风洞中带燃料的超燃冲压发动机模型试验

给出了在ITAM最近投入使用的高超声速脉冲绝热压缩风洞AT-303中进行超燃冲压发动机模型实验的结果.实验马赫数M∞≈8,运行时间τ=50~60 ms,雷诺数范围Re1∞=2.7×106~4.0×107,模型表面的边界层自然转捩.在实验中,模型中有燃料供给:把气态氢以超过化学量比率的空气燃料因子注入到燃烧室.提供了足以发生氢燃料自点燃的流动条件.测量了沿进气道楔型压缩面和整个发动机通道上的纵向压力和热流分布.所获数据与同一模型在热射流风洞IT-302M(实验马赫数M∞≈6,8,运行时间τ=100~120 ms,雷诺数范围Re1∞=(1.3~1.8)×106,进气道压缩面和侧压缩面进行了边界层转捩).结果表明:实验模型发动机在两座风洞中进行实验所获得的流态类型相同.发动机刚刚启动时,在进气道入口及其下游的发动机通道内形成超声速流.注入氢后,首先在燃烧室内形成平均流速是超声速的燃烧流动.之后,在燃烧室出口出现热拥塞现象、在进气道扩压段产生伪激波流态.在两座风洞中进行了进气道和发动机通道的流动特征试验,获得了令人满意的结果.     

准稳定三波结构的研究

对超声速流中准稳定三波结构进行了研究,该结构中主激波以一定的速度D→沿超声速流运动,它不但引起相应的反射激波运动而且会使激波后气流中的一系列气动力参数发生变化,包括总压、总焓和熵等.本研究给出了这些量与入射激波强度之间的关系.在一定的速度D→的情况下,给出了三波结构的力学相容性条件是可以被破坏的.     

The primordial Helium-4 abundance determination: systematic effects

By extrapolating to O/H = N/H = 0 the empirical correlations Y–O/H and Y–N/H defined by a relatively large sample of 45 Blue Compact Dwarfs (BCDs), we have obtained a primordial ⁴Helium mass fraction Y _p=0.2443±0.0015 with dY/dZ=2.4±1.0. This result is in excellent agreement with the average Y _p=0.2452±0.0015 determined in the two most metal-deficient BCDs known, I Zw 18 (Z /50) and SBS 0335–052 (Z /41), where the correction for He production is smallest. The quoted error (1) of 1% is statistical and does not include systematic effects. We examine various systematic effects including collisional excitation of hydrogen lines, ionization structure and temperature fluctuation effects, and underlying stellar Hei absorption, and conclude that combining all systematic effects, our Y _p may be underestimated by 2–4%. Taken at face value, our Y _p implies a baryon-to-photon number ratio =(4.7^+1.0 _–0.8)×10^–10 and a baryon mass fraction _b h ² ₁₀₀=0.017±0.005 (2), consistent with the values obtained from deuterium and Cosmic Microwave Background measurements. Correcting Y _p upward by 2–4% would make the agreement even better.