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11.
D L Stephens L W Townsend J Miller C Zeitlin L Heilbronn 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2002,30(4):901-905
Deep-space manned flight as a reality depends on a viable solution to the radiation problem. Both acute and chronic radiation health threats are known to exist, with solar particle events as an example of the former and galactic cosmic rays (GCR) of the latter. In this experiment Iron ions of 1A GeV are used to simulate GCR and to determine the secondary radiation field created as the GCR-like particles interact with a thick target. A NASA prepared food pantry locker was subjected to the iron beam and the secondary fluence recorded. A modified version of the Monte Carlo heavy ion transport code developed by Zeitlin at LBNL is compared with experimental fluence. The foodstuff is modeled as mixed nuts as defined by the 71st edition of the Chemical Rubber Company (CRC) Handbook of Physics and Chemistry. The results indicate a good agreement between the experimental data and the model. The agreement between model and experiment is determined using a linear fit to ordered pairs of data. The intercept is forced to zero. The slope fit is 0.825 and the R2 value is 0.429 over the resolved fluence region. The removal of an outlier, Z=14, gives values of 0.888 and 0.705 for slope and R2 respectively. 相似文献
12.
The work studies the application of the morphological (structural) synthesis method of search for the new technical approaches. The method is based on the application of the theory of system, morphological and cluster analysis, methods of mathematics simulation and calculation experiments made by computer. The work shows how this method is used to synthesize the landing spacecrafts, hypersonic spacecrafts and medical equipment and gives the comparison of the present and synthesized technical systems (TS). The conclusion is that this method increases the degree of the validity decision made and broadens the number of possible variants which allows an increase in the quality (technical level) of the TS under development. The work also points out that the method allows the system to search for promising inventions to solve the problems of prognostication and to single out the trends of TS evolution. It also allows the system to single out these systems which are able to respond flexibly to the changing external conditions with the lowest expense, and therefore, increases the compatibility of the chosen TS 相似文献
13.
Joris A. D. L. Blommaert Jan Cami Ryszard Szczerba Michael J. Barlow 《Space Science Reviews》2005,119(1-4):215-243
A large fraction of ISO observing time was used to study the late stages of stellar evolution. Many molecular and solid state
features, including crystalline silicates and the rotational lines of water vapour, were detected for the first time in the
spectra of (post-)Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars. Their analysis has greatly improved our knowledge of stellar atmospheres
and circumstellar environments. A surprising number of objects, particularly young planetary nebulae with Wolf-Rayet (WR)
central stars, were found to exhibit emission features in their ISO spectra that are characteristic of both oxygen-rich and
carbon-rich dust species, while far-IR observations of the PDR around NGC 7027 led to the first detections of the rotational
line spectra of CH and CH+.
Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries:
France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA. 相似文献
14.
V D Kern F D Sack 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2001,27(5):941-949
Apical cells of moss protonemata represent a single-celled system that perceives and reacts to light (positive and negative phototropism) and to gravity (negative gravitropism). Phototropism completely overrides gravitropism when apical cells are laterally irradiated with relatively high red light intensities, but below a defined light intensity threshold gravitropism competes with the phototropic reaction. A 16 day-long exposure to microgravity conditions demonstrated that gravitropism is allowed when protonemata are laterally illuminated with light intensities below 140 nmol m-2s-1. Protonemata that were grown in darkness in microgravity expressed an endogenous tendency to grow in arcs so that the overall culture morphology resembled a clockwise spiral. However this phenomenon only was observed in cultures that had reached a critical age and/or size. Organelle positioning in dark-grown apical cells was significantly altered in microgravity. Gravisensing most likely involves the sedimentation of starch-filled amyloplasts in a well-defined area of the tip cell. Amyloplasts that at 1-g are sedimented were clustered at the apical part of the sedimentation zone in microgravity. Clustering observed in microgravity or during clino-rotation significantly differs from sedimentation-induced plastid aggregations after inversion of tip cells at 1-g. 相似文献
15.
C Medvedovsky B V Worgul Y Huang D J Brenner F Tao J Miller C Zeitlin E J Ainsworth 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1994,14(10):475-482
Because activities in space necessarily involve chronic exposure to a heterogeneous charged particle radiation field it is important to assess the influence of dose-rate and the possible modulating role of heavy particle fragmentation on biological systems. Using the well-studied cataract model, mice were exposed to plateau 600 MeV/amu 56Fe ions either as acute or fractionated exposures at total doses of 5 - 504 cGy. Additional groups of mice received 20, 360 and 504 cGy behind 50 mm of polyethylene, which simulates body shielding. The reference radiation consisted of 60Co gamma radiation. The animals were examined by slit lamp biomicroscopy over their three year life spans. In accordance with our previous observations with heavy particles, the cataractogenic potential of the 600 MeV/amu 56Fe ions was greater than for low-LET radiation and increased with decreasing dose relative to gamma-rays. Fractionation of a given dose of 56Fe ions did not reduce the cataractogenicity of the radiation compared to the acute regimen. Fragmentation of the beam in the polyethylene did not alter the cataractotoxicity of the ions, either when administered singly or in fractions. 相似文献
16.
17.
A representative switched-capacitor DC-DC converter topology is presented, circuit operation is explained, and control strategies are identified. State-space averaging is used to analyze steady-state performance and to develop control criteria and design equations. The analytical results are verified by SPICE simulation 相似文献
18.
The Freja ultraviolet imager 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
J. S. Murphree R A. King T. Payne K. Smith D. Reid J. Adema B. Gordon R. Wlochowicz 《Space Science Reviews》1994,70(3-4):421-446
Auroral images acquired by satellite instrumentation have proven to be a crucial component of the scientific equiry into the physical processes of the Earth's magnetosphere. TheFreja mission provided an opportunity to extend these measurements into the temporal and spatial regime commonly associated with ground-based optical imagers. Employing the basic procedure used successfully in theViking program allowed image repetition rates of 6 s to be achieved with simultaneous exposure of all pixels within the field-of-view. Typical exposure times of 0.3 s required development of an improved image intensifier system and operational requirements resulted in image formats covering approximately one-third of a spin. Simultaneously exposing two broad-band UV cameras, the instrument generates in its normal operational mode 264.6 kbytes per image pair. Results from initial operations confirm the design approach and suggest such imagers can be routinely included on challenging low cost missions such asFreja. 相似文献
19.
Changes in the procurement environment and developments in technology that will require the adoption of new development certification procedures within the next few years are examined. Characteristics of safety-critical computer systems and the safety problems posed by digital computers are described. The way in which the changes have influenced the preparation of the new draft defence standards offered for public debate in the UK prior to their formal adoption by the Ministry of Defence is discussed. Principle features of the future safety-critical systems policy are outlined. The use of Ada for safety-critical software is considered 相似文献
20.