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DeWitt HL Hasenkopf CA Trainer MG Farmer DK Jimenez JL McKay CP Toon OB Tolbert MA 《Astrobiology》2010,10(8):773-781
The presence of sulfur mass-independent fractionation (S-MIF) in sediments more than 2.45?×?10(9) years old is thought to be evidence for an early anoxic atmosphere. Photolysis of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) by UV light with λ?220?nm has been shown in models and some initial laboratory studies to create a S-MIF; however, sulfur must leave the atmosphere in at least two chemically different forms to preserve any S-MIF signature. Two commonly cited examples of chemically different sulfur species that could have exited the atmosphere are elemental sulfur (S(8)) and sulfuric acid (H(2)SO(4)) aerosols. Here, we use real-time aerosol mass spectrometry to directly detect the sulfur-containing aerosols formed when SO(2) either photolyzes at wavelengths from 115 to 400?nm, to simulate the UV solar spectrum, or interacts with high-energy electrons, to simulate lightning. We found that sulfur-containing aerosols form under all laboratory conditions. Further, the addition of a reducing gas, in our experiments hydrogen (H(2)) or methane (CH(4)), increased the formation of S(8). With UV photolysis, formation of S(8) aerosols is highly dependent on the initial SO(2) pressure; and S(8) is only formed at a 2% SO(2) mixing ratio and greater in the absence of a reductant, and at a 0.2% SO(2) mixing ratio and greater in the presence of 1000?ppmv CH(4). We also found that organosulfur compounds are formed from the photolysis of CH(4) and moderate amounts of SO(2). The implications for sulfur aerosols on early Earth are discussed. Key Words: S-MIF-Archean atmosphere-Early Earth-Sulfur aerosols. 相似文献
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利用目标信号估计目标角度会受到主波束干扰的影响,解决该问题的一个办法就是综合多个传感器的数据。自适应单脉冲多信号分类(MUSIC)算法可以在干扰中区辨出目标方位角估值和俯仰角估或真实频谱。但在进行目标识别和分类时,仅依靠这种算法不能得到理想的误差概率。通过综合综合导航系统(INS)和单脉冲雷达的方位与俯仰信号,能提高精确检测目标位置的概率。设计AIMS算的目的是进行目标瞄准,并综合自适应INS系统、四孔径单脉冲雷达和空时自适应信号处理器的信号。自适应INS系统不断测量地基目标的位置变化;四孔径单脉冲雷达用MUSIC算法自适应地降低主波束干扰,实现可靠的角度估计;空时自适应处理机(STAP)则将目标从杂波中分离出来。结果表明,AIMS算法有效地综合了传感器数据。并提出了识别正确目标信息的效率。 相似文献
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AN/APS-137V雷达是一种I波段的海上逆合成孔径搜索与跟踪多模式雷达,是APS-116(V)雷达的改型。雷达原有的7个LRU中的5个已被更换。该雷达能在较高的海情下探测海面船只、潜水艇潜望镜和通气管。尽管APS-137V雷达的整个作用距离小 相似文献
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讨论了实时空时自适应处理(STAP)的两种应用:首先是STAP可以用来抑制杂波和干扰;此外可以用由STAP获得的杂波滤波系数来确定SAR图像中动目标的正确位置。给出了这种实时STAP技术的结果和动目标重新定位技术的结果。用实际SAR数据和测量期间所记录的动目标验证了杂波抑制质量和动目标重新定位精度。 相似文献
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人们常使用时间分集传输来防止可能造成信号损失的单传输高概率的强衰落。阻止强衰落的一个进对来自各距离分辩单元的接收观测值进行检测后积累。检测后顺(PI)的虚警率对随机到达的脉冲干扰非常敏感。这种干扰脉冲可能是相邻雷达无意造成的或者是试图破坏雷达碜风 脉冲干扰同极意造的。 相似文献