A permanent lunar base : Alternatives and choices

It appears virtually certain that humans will return to the lunar surface to stay and exploit the lunar resources. The only remaining question is who, when and how humankind will go there to establish a permanent lunar base. This article describes the decision-making process of determining the parameters of a lunar base. It offers modelling options as a frame of reference for planning the lunar base and its logistic support, and gives the reasons why a detailed analysis of the options and forward planning should have a high priority now.     

Fourier spectroscopy in planetary research

The application of Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTS) to planetary research is reviewed. The survey includes FTS observations of the Sun, all the planets except Uranus and Pluto, the Galilean satellites and Saturn's rings. Instrumentation and scientific results are considered. The prospects and limitations of FTS for planetary research in the forthcoming years are discussed.     

Spectral Analysis and Subtraction of Noise in Radar Signals

A new method of maximum entropy spectral estimation called the revised maximum entropy method (MEM) is formulated and is applied to the spectral analysis of the echo signals from atmospheric turbulence observed by an incoherent scatter radar. The revised MEM is shown free from many demerits of the other methods for spectral analysis. Further it makes it possible to subtract the white noise usually contained in the data during the processing. Some examples of spectral estimation are shown for the actual radar signals and the simulated data. Another application of the revised MEM is the subtraction of the clutter component which is difficult to do by linear filtering. The method is successfully applied to several data abounding with the clutter to obtain the spectra of the echo signals with less clutter distortion.     

Minimum Number of Satellites for Three-Dimensional Continuous Worldwide Coverage

Global positioning by means of satellites requires simultaneous observation by at least four satellites. The problem is to determine the minimum number of satellites and the corresponding orbital geometry necessary to satisfy this requirement on a continuous basis. To model the problem, a fixed number of users are assumed uniformly distributed in a known manner over the surface of the earth, and the satellites are restricted to exist in either three or four orbital planes. However, the orbit radius and inclination angle are left as variables. Under these assumptions, and starting with a small number of satellites which will be increased afterwards, an algorithm is developed to determine the visibility of satellites at each surface location. In this way it is possible to specify the minimum number of satellites needed by any desired orbital geometry. It is found that the number of satellites required for three-dimensional continuous worldwide coverage decreases as the orbit radius is increased. There appears to be no general trend regarding the effect of the inclination angle on the minimum number of satellites.     

Bodies in flowing plasmas: Laboratory studies

A brief review of early laboratory investigations of bodies in flowing, rarefied plasmas is given together with a discussion of more recent parametric studies carried out at NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), which include the effects of the ion acoustic Mach number and the normalized test body potential. Good agreement is found between the experimental results and theoretical calculations which omit ion thermal motion. The relation between laboratory investigations and the results of satellite-borne measurements is addressed. This relationship has led to an appreciation for the benefits of applying the methods and techniques of laboratory plasma physics to investigations in space, where several limitations inherent to the laboratory can be circumvented. These types of investigations, conducted in Earth orbit, can enhance our understanding of space plasma physics and have direct application to certain types of solar system phenomena.     

Climate studies from satellite observations: Special problems in the verification of earth radiation balance,cloud climatology,and related climate experiments

A body of techniques that have been developed and planned for use during the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP), and related climate experiments of the 1980's are reviewed. Validation and verification methods must apply for $\text{systems}$ of satellites. They include: (1) use of a normalization or intercalibration satellite, (2) special intensive observation areas located over ground-truth sites, and (3) monitoring of sun and earth by several satellites and/or several instruments at the same time. Since each climate application area has a hierarchy of user communities, validation techniques vary from very detailed methods to those that simply assure high relative accuracy in detecting space and time variations for climate studies. It is shown that climate experiments generally require more emphasis on long-term stability and internal consistency of satellite data sets than high absolute accuracy.     

Multiple Beam Satellite System Optimization

An analytical method is developed for determining the basic RF link parameters that are required in a satellite system design. Certain simplifying assumptions are required and specific system elements are selected. Two different design criteria are considered; optimizing the per-beam signal energy to noise spectral density ratio (Eb/N0), and minimizing the per-user costs. These two criteria are complements of each other subject to coverage and performance constraints. The model can be used to rapidly assess tradeoffs in various system elements. A specific example of a domestic satellite system is considered. The economic analyses are also considered and the economy of scale effect is demonstrated for the design example and considered.     

On the generation of satellite position (and velocity) by a mixed analytical-numerical procedure

The generation of accurate Earth-satellite ephemerides by numerical integration, over a period of perhaps weeks, can consume an inordinate amount of computer time. No satisfactory purely analytical procedure exists, but if short-period components of the standard elliptic elements are removed analytically, the resulting mean elements can be integrated with a step time that is longer than the satellite's orbital period.The definition of the mean elements depends on the particular perturbations included in the orbit generator and regarded as non-resonant. It is best if short-period perturbations are not applied to the orbital elements themselves but to the satellite's position (and velocity if required), expressed in a system of cylindrical polar coordinates, and the paper shows how mean elements can be recovered from position and velocity.A computer program has been written to test the proposed procedure for generating ephemerides, using a truncated potential field. Some results from this program are presented.