Biological studies of martian soil analogues

Results of the study of the influence of Martian soil analogues, both as described by American scientists and as prepared by us, and of hydrogen peroxide on the viability of microorganisms are presented. The experiments were carried out using mixtures of soil analogues with desert soil and black earth (chernozem) samples, and pure cultures of microorganism. Microorganisms capable of withstanding a concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the medium as high as 1.5–2.0% were isolated. None of the 40 strains of microorganisms studied, all belonging to different systematic and physiological groups, exhibited growth inhibition on solid media in the presence of Martian soil analogues. In view of the fact that Martian soil cannot contain microorganisms in great quantities, we suggest using electroadsorption for their concentration, to make detection reliable. A device was designed for this purpose, using the principle of electroadsorption on a polarisable carrier (sterile cotton wool or cheesecloth). The concentrated suspension of microorganisms thus obtained was then characterized by various physicochemical methods.     

Experiments with injection of powerful plasma jet into the ionosphere

This paper describes two rocket experiments “Aelita” with high power lithium plasma injection. The results of onboard magnetometer, massspectrometer, photometer, plasma, corpuscular and ground radar measurements are given. Dynamics and structure of plasma formation are discussed.     

Improvement of Automatic Landing Through the Use of a Space Diversity ILS Receiving System

A space diversity method of receiving and processing ILS localizer information has been developed and flight tested. Multiple lateral ly separated antennas are used which sense the ILS signal on and around the approach path. Combining these signals suppresses ILS beam distortion produced by multipath signal interference and provides much improved guidance information to the landing aircraft control system.     

Weightlessness: a case history

The facts presented represent, for convenience, a composite clinical picture of the three crewmen aboard Skylab II as observed by me.     

Determination of Bounds on Performance Measure and Min-Max Controllers in Time-Lag Systems

The effect of bounded deterministic disturbances (external and/or internal) on a chosen performance index (PI) is investigated. Upper and lower bounds of the PI about a nominal value are determined by the application of the optimum control theory. A computational procedure is also proposed to determine an approximately optimal feedback controller for time-lag systems. Such a controller is designed here on the basis of min-max criteria. Numerical examples illustrate the proposed approach.     

Landsat satellite imagery of the Qattara Depression area,Egypt

The Qattara Depression lies in the northern part of the Western Desert of Egypt at a distance of some tens of kilometers to the south of the Mediterranean Sea Coast. The depression in question is the largest one in the great Sahara extending across North Africa. It covers an area of some 19,000 km² at ? 60 m level and the absolute level of its lowest point is about ? 134 m. The depression extends for about 300 km in a roughly ENE-WSW direction, while its width is variable reaching to a maximum of about 145 km. Feasibility studies are currently carried out for the Qattara solar-hydro-electric project which aims at generating hydro-electric power by the drop of the Mediterranean Sea water into the depression after passing through a canal/tunnel system. Peak load electric power may be also generated by raising the water to the small hollow of Deir Kirayim, situated at a higher level near the depression, and allowing it to drop to a low level.For the purpose of assessing the regional criteria involved in the implementation of the project and the environmental impact of such implementation, the Qattara Depression and the surrounding area has been studied on a regional scale by the utilization of LANDSAT satellite imagery. The maps produced by the interpretation of the images in question include those of the geological and environmental units, structural lineations, drainage and vegetation cover. Lineation density and drainage density maps are derived by the computation of the structural lineation and drainage maps respectively. A map of groundwater conditions is worked out on the basis of the image interpretation, and the observations previously carried out on the groundwater aquifers in the Qattara Depression and the surrounding area. LANDSAT satellite image interpretation and computation are supported by intensive observations carried out in the field as well as chemical, petrological and mineralogical analyses of the samples collected.The LANDSAT satellite images proved to be of great importance in mapping the Qattara Depression floor which is hardly accessible to classical mapping, and especially in view of the large area which could be covered by imagery mapping in a reasonably short time compatible with the duration of the feasibility study. The special characters of the spaceborne multispectral imagery have been paramount in deciphering the major regional features of the investigated area.The overall synoptic picture of the regional setting of the geological and environmental units, faults, fractures and folds, drainage lines and plant cover in the large area studied has been clarified for the first time. It has been demonstrated that the Qattara Depression is actually constituted of several small depressions. The environmental impact of the project implementation has been visualized especially regarding the possible influence of the saline water on the fresh groundwater sources. The thick salt accumulation in the depression has been found to be of such extension as to increase the salinity of the Mediterranean Sea water stored in the depression following the implementation of the project. The lineation density map has been particularly of great help in the localization of sites subjected to intense crustal deformation, greater slope instability and run off surface water flooding.     

The uses of past and present magnetospheric field models for mapping fluxes and calculating conjugate points

Two different utilisations of magnetospheric models are described in this paper. In the first one very crude analytical expressions are used to describe the motion of energetic particles and the evolution of fluxes along a given orbit. In the second one, the exact internal and external fields are used for field line tracing and the determination of conjugate points. Applications to the calculation of synchronous fluxes and the Geos conjugate points are given.