The search for life on Europa: limiting environmental factors, potential habitats, and Earth analogues

The putative ocean of Europa has focused considerable attention on the potential habitats for life on Europa. By generally clement Earth standards, these Europan habitats are likely to be extreme environments. The objectives of this paper were to examine: (1) the limits for biological activity on Earth with respect to temperature, salinity, acidity, desiccation, radiation, pressure, and time; (2) potential habitats for life on Europa; and (3) Earth analogues and their limitations for Europa. Based on empirical evidence, the limits for biological activity on Earth are: (1) the temperature range is from 253 to 394 K; (2) the salinity range is a(H2O) = 0.6-1.0; (3) the desiccation range is from 60% to 100% relative humidity; (4) the acidity range is from pH 0 to 13; (5) microbes such as Deinococcus are roughly 4,000 times more resistant to ionizing radiation than humans; (6) the range for hydrostatic pressure is from 0 to 1,100 bars; and (7) the maximum time for organisms to survive in the dormant state may be as long as 250 million years. The potential habitats for life on Europa are the ice layer, the brine ocean, and the seafloor environment. The dual stresses of lethal radiation and low temperatures on or near the icy surface of Europa preclude the possibility of biological activity anywhere near the surface. Only at the base of the ice layer could one expect to find the suitable temperatures and liquid water that are necessary for life. An ice layer turnover time of 10 million years is probably rapid enough for preserving in the surface ice layers dormant life forms originating from the ocean. Model simulations demonstrate that hypothetical oceans could exist on Europa that are too cold for biological activity (T < 253 K). These simulations also demonstrate that salinities are high, which would restrict life to extreme halophiles. An acidic ocean (if present) could also potentially limit life. Pressure, per se, is unlikely to directly limit life on Europa. But indirectly, pressure plays an important role in controlling the chemical environments for life. Deep ocean basins such as the Mariana Trench are good analogues for the cold, high-pressure ocean of Europa. Many of the best terrestrial analogues for potential Europan habitats are in the Arctic and Antarctica. The six factors likely to be most important in defining the environments for life on Europa and the focus for future work are liquid water, energy, nutrients, low temperatures, salinity, and high pressures.     

鄂钢万立方米高纯氧分析仪器选型与应用

结合10000 m^3/h空分设备高纯氧的生产过程,撰述了在高纯氧产品生产过程和产品质量控制中分析仪器的选型及使用这些分析仪器的一些体会.     

直升机涡环状态试验数据处理研究

采用神经网络误差反向传播算法，以旋翼涡环状态试验数据为基础，研究了桨叶负扭度对直升机涡环状态特性的影响，分析了负扭度变化对旋翼扭矩、拉力平均值及脉动幅度的影响。计算结果表明，神经网络模型能够准确预测桨叶负扭度对直升机涡环状态的影响。     

A330／A340客机的结构设计和装配

Ａ３３０／Ａ３４０客机最大的设计特点是这两种飞机的机翼和机身基本上相同。英国宇航公司借助于ＣＡＤ／ＣＡＭ软件为两种飞机设计了一个基本上相同的机翼。本文叙述了ＣＡＥ在Ａ３３０／Ａ３４０设计和制造中的应用，Ａ３３０／Ａ３４０的机翼一机身装配站和连接机身各段的装配站，以及复合材料在Ａ３３０／Ａ３４０上的应用。     

火箭喷管内三维非对称流场的数值模拟研究

利用特征线方法数值模拟了双圆弧和抛物线两种特型喷管中的三维非对称定常等熵的超时速流场。计算出的喷侧向力数据与实验结果吻合。沿喷管轴线方向，侧向力曲线具有明显的摆动特性，且在轴线上存在着零点。     

航空动力百年回顾（一）

1 引言 风筝在中国已有两千余年的历史,中世纪时传到了西方。后来,西方国家利用风筝飞行的原理发明了滑翔机。1903年12月17日,美国的莱特兄弟发明了“飞行者”1号实验飞行器——飞机。风筝、滑翔机和飞机都是重于空气的飞行器,必须借助于空气的相对运动才能升空。风筝靠拉线产生的风力飞上天,飞机则必须靠强大的动力装置的牵引才能飞行。动力装置或发动机对于飞机实在太重要了。正如在世界上颇负盛名的前苏联空气动力学家弗·谢·佩什诺夫所说:“飞机发展过程中的每一新成就首先是由新型发动机决定的,发动机是飞行必不可少的动力源。”世界百年航空史证明,正是动力装置的发展才促进了飞机的发展。     

多向C/C复合材料烧蚀表面粗糙度初步研究

对C／C复合材料的烧蚀表面粗糙度进行了测量，并对不同编织结构和不同基体组元的C／C复合材料的烧蚀表面粗糙度进行了比较分析。研究发现：基体组元相同时采用多向结构的C／C复合材料烧蚀表面粗糙度明显降低；编织结构相同时，舍有沉积碳组元的碳／碳复合材料烧蚀表面粗糙度明显降低。     

武装直升飞机雷达散射截面的估算方法

讨论了在预告不知道武装直升飞机详细外形数据的情况下，根据三视图及少量外形数据，对其外形进行拟合，对雷达散射截面进行估算的方法，并对一武装直升飞机进行了理论计算和实验测试，结果吻合较好。     

视觉导引机器人定性定位与导航

在总结己有定性导航工作的基础上,系统地讨论了定性定位的两种方法——顺序区域和有向区域定位,以及各自的性质和相互关系,并给出了实验结果。