Preservation of martian organic and environmental records: final report of the Mars biosignature working group

The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) has an instrument package capable of making measurements of past and present environmental conditions. The data generated may tell us if Mars is, or ever was, able to support life. However, the knowledge of Mars' past history and the geological processes most likely to preserve a record of that history remain sparse and, in some instances, ambiguous. Physical, chemical, and geological processes relevant to biosignature preservation on Earth, especially under conditions early in its history when microbial life predominated, are also imperfectly known. Here, we present the report of a working group chartered by the Co-Chairs of NASA's MSL Project Science Group, John P. Grotzinger and Michael A. Meyer, to review and evaluate potential for biosignature formation and preservation on Mars. Orbital images confirm that layered rocks achieved kilometer-scale thicknesses in some regions of ancient Mars. Clearly, interplays of sedimentation and erosional processes govern present-day exposures, and our understanding of these processes is incomplete. MSL can document and evaluate patterns of stratigraphic development as well as the sources of layered materials and their subsequent diagenesis. It can also document other potential biosignature repositories such as hydrothermal environments. These capabilities offer an unprecedented opportunity to decipher key aspects of the environmental evolution of Mars' early surface and aspects of the diagenetic processes that have operated since that time. Considering the MSL instrument payload package, we identified the following classes of biosignatures as within the MSL detection window: organism morphologies (cells, body fossils, casts), biofabrics (including microbial mats), diagnostic organic molecules, isotopic signatures, evidence of biomineralization and bioalteration, spatial patterns in chemistry, and biogenic gases. Of these, biogenic organic molecules and biogenic atmospheric gases are considered the most definitive and most readily detectable by MSL.     

用实际雷达跟踪环境对各种多目标航迹起始技术的评价比较

作者分析了实际雷达多目标跟踪环境中各种航迹起始技术的性能，把航迹起始问题看成一个检测问题，以接收机的工作特性（ＲＯＣ）作为性能评比的标准，对启发式规则方法、基于逻辑的方法、Ｈｏｕｇｈ变换法（ＨＴ）和改进ＨＴ法等四种航迹起始技术进行了比较评价。这四种航迹起始法可以分为两大类别，前两种方法属于顺序处理技术，后两种属于批处理技术。文中收集了军民用飞机在各种状况下的雷达跟踪数据。为了了解以上航迹起始技术的     

合成孔径雷达成像系统

本文介绍了十二种机载和航天器载合成孔径雷达成像系统，意在帮助潜在用户针对特殊应用对这些系统进行评估。     

空时自适应处理（STAP）概述

简要概述了空时自适应处理（STAP）技术在雷达中的应用情况。阐述了空时信号的多样性和包括降维与降秩STAP方法在内的各种自适应处理机。阐明了地杂渡和噪声干扰的空时特征和关键STAP性能指标。对当前的一些STAP课题进行了指导性总结：空基雷达、双基地STAP、知识辅助型STAP、多通道合成孔径雷达和非旁视阵列结构等。     

小型、低成本、P波段机载双极化合成孔径雷达的设计

Wageningen大学和婆罗洲猩猩生存基金会（BOS）希望用一种小型、低成本、P波段机载双极化合成孔径雷达监视印度尼西亚森林的生物群。本文介绍了一台此种雷达设计方面的初步研究情况。确定应用要求，并根据要求得到主要的雷达参数。本文还介绍了基于商用货架元件的系统的初步设计。系统的几点新颖之处是：采用直接数字合成进行调制、采用双极化微带方形贴片（patch）天线以及系统的尺寸和功耗都降低了等。为了有助于SAR系统的计算和比较，开发了基于通用Matlab的SARCAL程序。本文还将阐述其原理和主要功能。     

有源相控阵（AESA）技术在美国机载雷达中的应用及发展

介绍美国已经或准备采用AESA技术的军用飞机雷达，简要介绍AESA雷达给军用飞机带来的好处。本文还涉及雷达和通用数据链（R-CDL）系统、AESA雷达的电子干扰能力与破坏作用潜力、在未来AESA雷达中实现LPI（包括采用数字波束形成技术）以及共形阵、敏感蒙皮的应用等问题。     

Solar particle event dose distributions: parameterization of dose-time profiles

Calculations of total dose and dose equivalent as a function of time since the start of the event are presented for four of the major solar particle events that occurred during the period from August to December 1989. Results are presented for exposures to the skin, ocular lens and bone marrow shielded by a nominal thickness of aluminum shielding, comparable to that provided by a spacesuit. The calculated curves of organ dose and dose equivalent versus time are parameterized using a Weibull functional form for the fitting equation. The fitting parameters are determined using least squares regression techniques. These results provide a useful starting point for the development of methods to predict the cumulative doses and times to reach various dose limits from a limited number of dose measurements early in a solar particle event.     

天线系统的计算机辅助设计（CAD）

介绍了解决天线问题的计算机方法，讨论了这些方法的利与弊，没有一种计算机程序能解决所有的天线问题，这就需要用户用经验来判断选用哪种方法适于解决遇到的问题，虽然计算机的配置越好，就能解决复杂程度越深的问题，但是，所有电磁（CEM）计算软件在主要物理特性上却丰在一些根本限制，在易于使用和用户友好方面也还存在不足。