Steady course for civil space in 2002

Total expenditures for space activities by civilian governments totaled $20.3 billion in 2002. National summaries by expenditure and type of flight are provided.     

利用Glonass进行时钟同步

目前精密同步全球时钟的方法之一是利用导航卫星系统的信号,可是利用Glonass(俄罗斯全球导航卫星系统)信号进行时钟同步很长时间来一直受到限制,因为缺乏商品型Glonass时间接收机。由于Glonass投建放慢,很难估计对定时接收机的实际需求,反过来又影响了定时接收机的开发。 1992年末,圣彼得堡的俄罗斯无线电导航和时间研究所(RIRT)在其单通道机载接收机基础上开发了Glonsaa定时接收机。为了自动采集和处理Glonass时间测量值,该研究所开发了一个接收机与个人计算机之间的接口。 本文作者是该所成员,深深卷入了该自动化系统的开发。测定Glonass时钟同步精度的试验结果,以及该所二级(工作)时/频标准(STFRS)与俄罗斯国家时/频标准(STFS)的比对结果,都令人鼓舞,使该所开始利用Glonass信号定期比对其时/频标准。     

用于SAR、GMTI和海上监视的X波段宽带试验机载雷达

加拿大渥太华的防务研究和发展部门已完成了一种新型多模X波段宽带试验机载雷达（XWEAR）第一阶段的研制工作,这是对合成孔径雷达（SAR）成像、逆合成孔径雷达（ISAR）、地面动目标显示（GMTI）雷达和海上监视雷达的支持研究,特别集中在对小型目标的探测和远距离的面上目标监视。特别关注的领域有：静止和运动目标的SAR成像技术、海上和陆地动目标的时间一频率分析、用于GMTI的空时自适应处理、对海面电磁后向散射特性的研究、自动目标识别和特征提取的特征产生、以及宽带系统对付电子干扰的抗干扰性分析。第一阶段是以SAR和海上监视模式的飞行试验结束的。第二阶段将进行大范围监视GMTI（WASGMTI）和综合SAR-GMTI模式的飞行试验。简述了试验雷达并介绍了它的数据采集能力。区别特征包括X波段的运行、SAR和海上监视的单通道运行以及WAS-GMTI和综合SAR-GMTI的双通道运行。该新型雷达将现有的数字扫描转换器的用途扩大为控制器,已有的商用元件有：发射机、A／D转换器和计算机电路板。定时电路、波形产生器、单通道和双通道的接收机可以按用户需要定制。     

AL—Li合金2091应力腐蚀开裂的研究

一般认为阳极溶解(AD)和氢脆(HE)是铝合金应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)的主要机制。为了区分应力腐蚀敏感的铝锂合金2091 T8x 板材的这些过程,我们研究了它在不同腐蚀性介质中全浸或交浸以及在潮湿空气中的行为。结果表明:在2091合金的 SCC 中,AD 和 HE 两者均起作用;在一些特殊的腐蚀性条件下,它们的作用可以被区分开。     

温度和速度对加炭黑氯丁胶与黄铜粘接性能的影响

本文研究了试验温度和速度对加炭黑氯丁胶与黄铜粘接性能的影响。结果表明:当不加硫磺氯丁胶样品与黄铜粘接时,在所有试验温度和速度下都出现界面破坏,且界面破坏能 Gi 随着试验温度的降低而增加,随着试验速度的增加而增加。当含有0.5份以上硫磺的氯丁胶样品与黄铜粘接时,在-10℃以上的所有试验温度和速度下都出现橡胶层的内聚力破坏,且内聚力破坏能 G_c 随着试验温度和硫含量的增加而减少。在较低硫含量的样品或较低试验温度时,G_c 随着剥离速度的增加而减小。这一现象可能是由于橡胶的应变诱导结晶所致。     

Survival of rock-colonizing organisms after 1.5 years in outer space

Cryptoendolithic microbial communities and epilithic lichens have been considered as appropriate candidates for the scenario of lithopanspermia, which proposes a natural interplanetary exchange of organisms by means of rocks that have been impact ejected from their planet of origin. So far, the hardiness of these terrestrial organisms in the severe and hostile conditions of space has not been tested over extended periods of time. A first long-term (1.5 years) exposure experiment in space was performed with a variety of rock-colonizing eukaryotic organisms at the International Space Station on board the European EXPOSE-E facility. Organisms were selected that are especially adapted to cope with the environmental extremes of their natural habitats. It was found that some-but not all-of those most robust microbial communities from extremely hostile regions on Earth are also partially resistant to the even more hostile environment of outer space, including high vacuum, temperature fluctuation, the full spectrum of extraterrestrial solar electromagnetic radiation, and cosmic ionizing radiation. Although the reported experimental period of 1.5 years in space is not comparable with the time spans of thousands or millions of years believed to be required for lithopanspermia, our data provide first evidence of the differential hardiness of cryptoendolithic communities in space.     

Formation of nucleobases from formamide in the presence of iron oxides: implication in chemical evolution and origin of life

Simple compounds like HCN, which have one C and one N, are proposed as the probable precursors for biomonomers. Formamide, a hydrolysis product of HCN, is known as the precursor of various biologically important compounds, for example, nucleobases (purines and pyrimidines). In this paper, we report our results on the synthesis of nucleobases, adenine, cytosine, purine, 9-(hydroxyacetyl) purine, and 4(3H)-pyrimidinone from formamide, using iron oxide (hematite) and oxide hydroxides (goethite and akaganeite) as a catalyst. Goethite and hematite produced purine in higher yield. The products formed were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry techniques. Results of our study reveal that iron oxides might have worked as efficient prebiotic catalysts.     

用直接最佳法设计最大推力喷管型面

本文介绍一种用直接最佳法来设计最大推力喷管型面的方法。用一个二次多项式来模仿具有固定初始膨胀表面的喷管型面。多项式的系数随确定最大推力喷管型面的直接最佳法而改变。考虑三种直接最佳法:多维线坐标研究、最速下降法和牛顿法。提出结果,以便图解说明三种直接法的特点,证明二项式型面产生的推力基本上与用变分法确定的喷管型面所产生的推力是相同的。     

用于力平衡装置的补偿技术

本文给出了一种在力平衡装置中通过使用附加线圈来提供足够阻尼的技术方案。该方案同使用延迟网络的常规方法相比,其主要优点是:不增强高频噪声,并可通过调整前向回路增益来独立调节阻尼。