航天飞行器星形数据总线

本文介绍一个32节点网络中的局部网络,该网络综合了航天飞行器的基本要求。冈络中应用了分布式控制原理,能实现自配置、重新起动和自冗余等功能。总线数据率高达97MBPS,接口单元间的数据通过率达到20MBPS。星形网络是一种光纤实验系统,它采用星形传输耦合器,使系统损耗最低(2—3dB)。文中给出了网络的配置、功能、数据包格式及各接口单元结构。最后给出了试验结果.目前正在对网络的数据链路层作改进,使之成为一个合格的飞行分系统。据估计,用低功耗GaAs超大规模集成电路,可使光学总线数据率提高到300～500MBPS,接口单元间的数据通过率也提高到50MBPS以上.     

航天飞机时频传递实验

一、引言 1.背景美国航空航天局(NASA)的空间和地面应用处正在考虑一项航天飞机实验,用来验证几种比对全球高精密时钟和原始频标的技术。该实验准备在航天飞机上装一台氢脉泽时钟,利用微波和激光脉冲信号比对航天飞机上的空间时钟与地面站上的时钟。提出该项实验的目的是验证几种时间传递技术,这些技术能以1毫微秒以上的精度比对时钟时间,以10~(-14)以上的精度比对时钟频率。能以10~(-14)的精度比对频率这种能力是本项实验的独到之处。目     

用 X—射线荧光分析法予测航天飞机固体火箭发动机性能

X—射线荧光分析法已经试用于航天飞机用的四发固体火箭发动机的许多锅推进剂药浆的分析。在推进剂混合过程中,记录了每一锅药浆的 X—射线氯读数(过氯酸铵)和铁读数(氧化铁),并用这些读数来予测药浆验收、药浆声发射法和药条声发射法燃速。予测的燃速值全部满足控制极限范围,和实际燃速值相比,绝大多数都在实验误差范围内。X—射线分析法只需用现行分析方法所需用时间的1/3,因而它可以满足药浆浇铸的时间要求。     

粉浆浇注熔硅天线罩结构淋雨滑车试验

对粉浆浇注熔硅天线罩结构在3.7～5.0M时淋雨滑车试验结果作了最后评估.其结果为:在霍洛曼空军基地利用滑车轨道设备进行的试验证明,对相同的法向速度分量来说,粉浆浇注熔硅材料的最大冲蚀率变化系数为3;高纯度粉浆浇注熔硅的雨水冲蚀极限速度约为500m/s;法向速度分量超限时,天线罩出现重大损伤;硅树脂防潮密封胶DC808和DE SR80可能不会严重影响雨水冲蚀性能;建议在自然雨区中飞行的导弹,其碰撞角应受控制,以使天线罩上的自由流的法向速度小于500m/s.     

Comparative Metagenomics of Two Microbial Mats at Cuatro Ciénegas Basin II: Community Structure and Composition in Oligotrophic Environments

Abstract Microbial mats are self-sustained, functionally complex ecosystems that make good models for the understanding of past and present microbial ecosystems as well as putative extraterrestrial ecosystems. Ecological theory suggests that the composition of these communities might be affected by nutrient availability and disturbance frequency. We characterized two microbial mats from two contrasting environments in the oligotrophic Cuatro Ciénegas Basin: a permanent green pool and a red desiccation pond. We analyzed their taxonomic structure and composition by means of 16S rRNA clone libraries and metagenomics and inferred their metabolic role by the analysis of functional traits in the most abundant organisms. Both mats showed a high diversity with metabolically diverse members and strongly differed in structure and composition. The green mat had a higher species richness and evenness than the red mat, which was dominated by a lineage of Pseudomonas. Autotrophs were abundant in the green mat, and heterotrophs were abundant in the red mat. When comparing with other mats and stromatolites, we found that taxonomic composition was not shared at species level but at order level, which suggests environmental filtering for phylogenetically conserved functional traits with random selection of particular organisms. The highest diversity and composition similarity was observed among systems from stable environments, which suggests that disturbance regimes might affect diversity more strongly than nutrient availability, since oligotrophy does not appear to prevent the establishment of complex and diverse microbial mat communities. These results are discussed in light of the search for extraterrestrial life. Key Words: Cuatro Ciénegas-Metagenomics-Microbial mats-Oligotrophic-Phosphorus limitation-Stromatolites. Astrobiology 12, 659-673.     

Divergence and phylogeny of firmicutes from the cuatro ciénegas basin, Mexico: a window to an ancient ocean

Abstract The Cuatro Ciénegas Basin (CCB) has been identified as a center of endemism for many life-forms. Nearly half the bacterial species found in the spring systems have their closest relatives in the ocean. This raises the question of whether the high diversity observed today is the product of an adaptive radiation similar to that of the Galapagos Islands or whether the bacterial groups are "survivors" of an ancient sea, which would be of interest for astrobiology. To help answer this question, we focused on Firmicutes from Cuatro Ciénegas (mainly Bacillus and Exiguobacterium). We reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of Firmicutes with 28 housekeeping genes and dated the resulting tree using geological events as calibration points. Our results show that marine Bacillus diverged from other Bacillus strains 838?Ma, while Bacillus from Cuatro Ciénegas have divergence dates that range from 770 to 202?Ma. The members of Exiguobacterium from the CCB conform to a much younger group that diverged from the Andes strain 60?Ma and from the one in Yellowstone 183?Ma. Therefore, the diversity of Firmicutes in Cuatro Ciénegas is not the product of a recent radiation but the product of the isolation of lineages from an ancient ocean. Hence, Cuatro Ciénegas is not a Galapagos Archipelago for bacteria but is more like an astrobiological "time machine" in which bacterial lineages survived in an oligotrophic environment that may be very similar to that of the Precambrian. Key Words: Firmicutes-Cuatro Ciénegas-Precambrian-Molecular dating-Western Interior Seaway. Astrobiology 12, 674-684.     

Survival of rock-colonizing organisms after 1.5 years in outer space

Cryptoendolithic microbial communities and epilithic lichens have been considered as appropriate candidates for the scenario of lithopanspermia, which proposes a natural interplanetary exchange of organisms by means of rocks that have been impact ejected from their planet of origin. So far, the hardiness of these terrestrial organisms in the severe and hostile conditions of space has not been tested over extended periods of time. A first long-term (1.5 years) exposure experiment in space was performed with a variety of rock-colonizing eukaryotic organisms at the International Space Station on board the European EXPOSE-E facility. Organisms were selected that are especially adapted to cope with the environmental extremes of their natural habitats. It was found that some-but not all-of those most robust microbial communities from extremely hostile regions on Earth are also partially resistant to the even more hostile environment of outer space, including high vacuum, temperature fluctuation, the full spectrum of extraterrestrial solar electromagnetic radiation, and cosmic ionizing radiation. Although the reported experimental period of 1.5 years in space is not comparable with the time spans of thousands or millions of years believed to be required for lithopanspermia, our data provide first evidence of the differential hardiness of cryptoendolithic communities in space.     

Comparison of Diurnal,Seasonal and Solar Cycle Variations of High-latitude,Mid-latitude and Low-latitude Ionosphere

Comparison of regular (diurnal, seasonal and solar cycle) variations of high-latitude,mid-latitude and low-latitude ionospheric characteristics has been provided on basis of local empirical models of the peak electron density and the peak height. The local empirical models were derived from the hand-scaled ionogram data recorded by DPS-4 digisondes located at Norilsk (69°N, 88°E), Irkutsk (52°N, 104°E) and Hainan (19°N, 109°E) for a 6-year period from December, 2002 to December, 2008. The technique used to build the local empirical model is described. The primary focus is diurnal-seasonal behavior under low solar activity and its change with increasing solar activity. Both common and specific features of the high-latitude (Norilsk), mid-latitude (Irkutsk) and low-latitude (Hainan) regular variations were revealed using their local empirical models.