Reactant jetting in unstable detonation

We note the common existence of a supersonic jet structure locally embedded within a surrounding transonic flow field in the hitherto unrelated phenomena of unstable gaseous detonation and hypervelocity blunt body shock wave interaction. Extending prior results that demonstrate the consequences of reduced endothermic reaction rate for the supersonic jet fluid in the blunt body case, we provide an explanation for observations of locally reduced OH PLIF signal in images of the keystone reaction zone structure of weakly unstable detonations. Modeling these flow features as exothermically reacting jets with similarly reduced reaction rates, we demonstrate a mechanism for jetting of bulk pockets of unreacted fluid with potentially differing kinetic pathways into the region behind the primary detonation front of strongly unstable mixtures. We examine the impact of mono-atomic and diatomic diluents on transverse structure. The results yield insight into the mechanisms of transition and characteristic features of both weakly and strongly unstable mixtures.     

Synthesis of electrode system and simulation of ion-marking sensor for aerodynamic angle and airspeed measurement

A functional scheme, primary informative signals, a method of electrode system structural parameters synthesis and evaluation of a systematic error of the ion-marking sensor for aerodynamic angle and airspeed measurement are the focus of this paper.     

How Galactic Cosmic Ray models affect the estimation of radiation exposure in space

The radiation environment in space is a major concern for human spaceflight because of the adverse effects of high levels of radiation on astronauts’ health. Therefore, it is essential to perform radiation risk assessments already during the concept studies of a manned mission. Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) have been identified to be one of the primary sources of radiation exposure in space.     

Semi-automatic determination of the Azores Current axis using satellite altimetry: Application to the study of the current variability during 1995–2006

Satellite altimetry has been widely used to study the variability of the ocean currents such as the Azores Current (AzC) in the North Atlantic. Most analyses are performed over the region that encloses the current, thus being somehow affected by other oceanographic signals, e.g., eddies. In this study, a new approach for extracting the axis of a zonal current solely based on satellite altimetry is presented. This is a semi-automatic procedure that searches for the maximum values of the gradient of absolute dynamic topography (ADT), using the geostrophic velocity as auxiliary information. The advantage of this approach is to allow the analyses to be performed over a buffer centered on the current axis instead of using a wider region. It is here applied to the AzC for the period June 1995–October 2006.     

Independent Research Planning and Implementation

Spending company money wisely is a challenging job. The management approach used for selecting, executing, and applying company research projects is presented. Goals for research expenditures are discussed, together with methods of defining projects. The important interface between Government organization and company engineering and marketing is given. Optimum means of organizing and controlling selected research projects are covered, including management redirection when required. Approaches for maximizing creativity are also presented. All information presented is from actual experience and procedures now in use.     

QCD-scale modified-gravity universe

A possible gluon-condensate-induced modified-gravity model with f(R) ∝ ∣R∣^1/2 has been suggested previously. Here, a simplified version is presented using the constant flat-spacetime equilibrium value of the QCD gluon condensate and a single pressureless matter component (cold dark matter, CDM). The resulting dynamical equations of a spatially-flat and homogeneous Robertson-Walker universe are solved numerically. This simple empirical model allows, in fact, for a careful treatment of the boundary conditions and does not require a further scaling analysis as the original model did. Reliable predictions are obtained for several observable quantities of the homogeneous model universe. In addition, the estimator E_G, proposed by Zhang et al. to search for deviations from standard Einstein gravity, is calculated for linear sub-horizon matter-density perturbations. The QCD-scale modified-gravity prediction for E_G(z) differs from that of the ΛCDM model by about ±10% depending on the redshift z.     

On the validity of the aluminum equivalent approximation in space radiation shielding applications

The origin of the aluminum equivalent shield approximation in space radiation analysis can be traced back to its roots in the early years of the NASA space programs (Mercury, Gemini and Apollo) wherein the primary radiobiological concern was the intense sources of ionizing radiation causing short term effects which was thought to jeopardize the safety of the crew and hence the mission. Herein, it is shown that the aluminum equivalent shield approximation, although reasonably well suited for that time period and to the application for which it was developed, is of questionable usefulness to the radiobiological concerns of routine space operations of the 21st century which will include long stays onboard the International Space Station (ISS) and perhaps the moon. This is especially true for a risk based protection system, as appears imminent for deep space exploration where the long-term effects of Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) exposure is of primary concern. The present analysis demonstrates that sufficiently large errors in the interior particle environment of a spacecraft result from the use of the aluminum equivalent approximation, and such approximations should be avoided in future astronaut risk estimates. In this study, the aluminum equivalent approximation is evaluated as a means for estimating the particle environment within a spacecraft structure induced by the GCR radiation field. For comparison, the two extremes of the GCR environment, the 1977 solar minimum and the 2001 solar maximum, are considered. These environments are coupled to the Langley Research Center (LaRC) deterministic ionized particle transport code High charge (Z) and Energy TRaNsport (HZETRN), which propagates the GCR spectra for elements with charges (Z) in the range 1 ? Z ? 28 (H–Ni) and secondary neutrons through selected target materials. The coupling of the GCR extremes to HZETRN allows for the examination of the induced environment within the interior of an idealized spacecraft as approximated by a spherical shell shield, and the effects of the aluminum equivalent approximation for a good polymeric shield material such as generic polyethylene (PE). The shield thickness is represented by a 25 g/cm² spherical shell. Although, one could imagine the progression to greater thickness, the current range will be sufficient to evaluate the qualitative usefulness of the aluminum equivalent approximation. Upon establishing the inaccuracies of the aluminum equivalent approximation through numerical simulations of the GCR radiation field attenuation for PE and aluminum equivalent PE spherical shells, we further present results for a limited set of commercially available, hydrogen rich, multifunctional polymeric constituents to assess the effect of the aluminum equivalent approximation on their radiation attenuation response as compared to the generic PE.     

Ion-marking aerodynamic angle and airspeed sensor with logometric informative signals and interpolation processing scheme

We reveal a functional diagram, design features of a receiver electrode system, a principle of forming primary informative signals, a technique for synthesizing angular characteristics and estimating indicated errors, channel realization and algorithms of forming output signals of an ionmarking aerodynamic angle and airspeed sensor with logometric informative signals and interpolation processing scheme.