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751.
The algorithms for achieving a practical increase in the rate of data transmission on the space-craft–ground tracking station line has been considered. This increase is achieved by applying spectral-effective modulation techniques, the technology of orthogonal frequency compression of signals using millimeterrange radio waves. The advantages and disadvantages of each of three algorithms have been revealed. A significant advantage of data transmission in the millimeter range has been indicated. 相似文献
752.
R. J. Lillis D. A. Brain S. W. Bougher F. Leblanc J. G. Luhmann B. M. Jakosky R. Modolo J. Fox J. Deighan X. Fang Y. C. Wang Y. Lee C. Dong Y. Ma T. Cravens L. Andersson S. M. Curry N. Schneider M. Combi I. Stewart J. Clarke J. Grebowsky D. L. Mitchell R. Yelle A. F. Nagy D. Baker R. P. Lin 《Space Science Reviews》2015,196(1-4):357-358
753.
754.
M.A. Masini P. Prato L. Scarabelli C. Lanza S. Palmero G. Pointis F. Ricci F. Strollo 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
With the advent of space flights questions concerning the effects of microgravity (0×G) on human reproductive physiology have received great attention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of 0×G on Sertoli cells. A Sertoli cell line from mouse testis (42GPA9) was analyzed for cytoskeletal and Sex Hormone Binding Globilin (SHBG) changes by immunohistochemistry, for antioxidant content by RT-PCR and for culture medium lactate concentrations by protein chemistry. Cells were cultured for 6, 24 and 48 h on a three-dimensional Random Positioning Machine (3D-RPM); static controls (1×G) were positioned on the supporting frame. At the end of each experiment, cultured cells were either fixed in paraformaldehyde or lysed and RNA-extracted or used for culture medium lactate measurements as needed. At 0×G, Sertoli cytoskeleton became disorganized, microtubules fragmented and SHBG undetectable already after 24 h, with alterations worsening by 48 h. It was evident that various antioxidant systems appreciably increased during the first 24 h but significantly decreased at 48 h. No changes occurred in the 1×G samples. Initially, 0×G seemed to disturb antioxidant protection strategies allowing the testes to support sperm production, thus generating an aging-like state of oxidative stress. Lactate production at 0×G slightly decreased after 24 h. Further experiments are needed in space to investigate upon steroidogenesis and germ cell differentiation within the testis, to rule out male infertility as a possible consequence, which could be a problem, as life expectancy increases. 相似文献
755.
756.
Robinson TD Meadows VS Crisp D Deming D A'hearn MF Charbonneau D Livengood TA Seager S Barry RK Hearty T Hewagama T Lisse CM McFadden LA Wellnitz DD 《Astrobiology》2011,11(5):393-408
The EPOXI Discovery Mission of Opportunity reused the Deep Impact flyby spacecraft to obtain spatially and temporally resolved visible photometric and moderate resolution near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic observations of Earth. These remote observations provide a rigorous validation of whole-disk Earth model simulations used to better understand remotely detectable extrasolar planet characteristics. We have used these data to upgrade, correct, and validate the NASA Astrobiology Institute's Virtual Planetary Laboratory three-dimensional line-by-line, multiple-scattering spectral Earth model. This comprehensive model now includes specular reflectance from the ocean and explicitly includes atmospheric effects such as Rayleigh scattering, gas absorption, and temperature structure. We have used this model to generate spatially and temporally resolved synthetic spectra and images of Earth for the dates of EPOXI observation. Model parameters were varied to yield an optimum fit to the data. We found that a minimum spatial resolution of ~100 pixels on the visible disk, and four categories of water clouds, which were defined by using observed cloud positions and optical thicknesses, were needed to yield acceptable fits. The validated model provides a simultaneous fit to Earth's lightcurve, absolute brightness, and spectral data, with a root-mean-square (RMS) error of typically less than 3% for the multiwavelength lightcurves and residuals of ~10% for the absolute brightness throughout the visible and NIR spectral range. We have extended our validation into the mid-infrared by comparing the model to high spectral resolution observations of Earth from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, obtaining a fit with residuals of ~7% and brightness temperature errors of less than 1?K in the atmospheric window. For the purpose of understanding the observable characteristics of the distant Earth at arbitrary viewing geometry and observing cadence, our validated forward model can be used to simulate Earth's time-dependent brightness and spectral properties for wavelengths from the far ultraviolet to the far infrared. Key Words: Astrobiology-Extrasolar terrestrial planets-Habitability-Planetary science-Radiative transfer. Astrobiology 11, 393-408. 相似文献
757.
Northup DE Melim LA Spilde MN Hathaway JJ Garcia MG Moya M Stone FD Boston PJ Dapkevicius ML Riquelme C 《Astrobiology》2011,11(7):601-618
Lava caves contain a wealth of yellow, white, pink, tan, and gold-colored microbial mats; but in addition to these clearly biological mats, there are many secondary mineral deposits that are nonbiological in appearance. Secondary mineral deposits examined include an amorphous copper-silicate deposit (Hawai'i) that is blue-green in color and contains reticulated and fuzzy filament morphologies. In the Azores, lava tubes contain iron-oxide formations, a soft ooze-like coating, and pink hexagons on basaltic glass, while gold-colored deposits are found in lava caves in New Mexico and Hawai'i. A combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and molecular techniques was used to analyze these communities. Molecular analyses of the microbial mats and secondary mineral deposits revealed a community that contains 14 phyla of bacteria across three locations: the Azores, New Mexico, and Hawai'i. Similarities exist between bacterial phyla found in microbial mats and secondary minerals, but marked differences also occur, such as the lack of Actinobacteria in two-thirds of the secondary mineral deposits. The discovery that such deposits contain abundant life can help guide our detection of life on extraterrestrial bodies. 相似文献
758.
Schulze-Makuch D Méndez A Fairén AG von Paris P Turse C Boyer G Davila AF António MR Catling D Irwin LN 《Astrobiology》2011,11(10):1041-1052
In the next few years, the number of catalogued exoplanets will be counted in the thousands. This will vastly expand the number of potentially habitable worlds and lead to a systematic assessment of their astrobiological potential. Here, we suggest a two-tiered classification scheme of exoplanet habitability. The first tier consists of an Earth Similarity Index (ESI), which allows worlds to be screened with regard to their similarity to Earth, the only known inhabited planet at this time. The ESI is based on data available or potentially available for most exoplanets such as mass, radius, and temperature. For the second tier of the classification scheme we propose a Planetary Habitability Index (PHI) based on the presence of a stable substrate, available energy, appropriate chemistry, and the potential for holding a liquid solvent. The PHI has been designed to minimize the biased search for life as we know it and to take into account life that might exist under more exotic conditions. As such, the PHI requires more detailed knowledge than is available for any exoplanet at this time. However, future missions such as the Terrestrial Planet Finder will collect this information and advance the PHI. Both indices are formulated in a way that enables their values to be updated as technology and our knowledge about habitable planets, moons, and life advances. Applying the proposed metrics to bodies within our Solar System for comparison reveals two planets in the Gliese 581 system, GJ 581 c and d, with an ESI comparable to that of Mars and a PHI between that of Europa and Enceladus. 相似文献
759.
Chu K F 《南京航空航天大学学报(英文版)》1998,(1)
随着东南亚国家的工业化,香港制造业面临的市场竞争日益激烈。香港的厂家若继续过分依赖中国的廉价生产成本优势,已不能维持其竞争力。只有把“全面性质量管理”(TQM)作为企业策略,并不断改善产品质量,才能达到增长利润和改善竞争力等目的。在推行TQM时,仅依靠质量改善的“硬件”,而忽略了机构品质文化的培养,产品质量的改善会收到一定限制。通过人力管理培养和质量的改善,可以为香港制造业培养出一种良好的机构品质文化,从而使香港制造业更加蓬勃发展。 相似文献
760.
本文研究的问题是超声速气流流过物体时产生的气体动力和物理化学非均匀性及其对物体空气动力特性的影响。就有关流动非均匀性对温度剖面和密度的效应作了详细探讨,还仔细描述了激波与热层相互干扰时以及在激光辐射脉冲的作用下先行激波生成的情况。值得指出的是超声速气流中加入激光辐射能可能改变流动结构,在局部能量释放区域后面呈现的较高和较低压力,有助于控制飞行中物体的运动。可采取某些措施以改进飞行品质。 相似文献