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151.
    
Molecular genetic methods were used to analyze the remnants of microbial ecosystems contained within an ancient oceanic microbial habitat that was recovered from a continental drilled core of black shale approximately 100 million years in age. Bacterial ribosomal RNA genes were vertically amplified from the six different depths of a black shale core associated with a phosphate-rich stratum, defined as one of the mid-Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events (OAEs). Although the black shale core was recovered from a terrestrial coring effort, the recovered 16S rRNA gene sequences showed affinity to microbial communities previously seen in deep-sea sedimentary environments (i.e., the microbial assemblage was easily recognizable as a marine community). In particular, a number of 16S rRNA gene clones of oceanic sulfate-reducing bacteria within the delta-Proteobacteria predominated at the OAE layer. The recovered bacterial DNA signatures are consistent with the interpretation that the sequences are derived from the past microbial communities buried in either sea-bottom or subseafloor environments during the sedimentation process and, after ceasing growth, preserved until the present.  相似文献   
152.
    
Kita R  Rasio F  Takeda G 《Astrobiology》2010,10(7):733-741
The long-term habitability of Earth-like planets requires low orbital eccentricities. A secular perturbation from a distant stellar companion is a very important mechanism in exciting planetary eccentricities, as many of the extrasolar planetary systems are associated with stellar companions. Although the orbital evolution of an Earth-like planet in a stellar binary system is well understood, the effect of a binary perturbation on a more realistic system containing additional gas-giant planets has been very little studied. Here, we provide analytic criteria confirmed by a large ensemble of numerical integrations that identify the initial orbital parameters leading to eccentric orbits. We show that an extrasolar earth is likely to experience a broad range of orbital evolution dictated by the location of a gas-giant planet, which necessitates more focused studies on the effect of eccentricity on the potential for life.  相似文献   
153.
为了减小常规SAR干涉仪技术相位模糊和噪声的不利因素,最近提出用于三维地形测绘的采用最佳统计数据处理的一种三天线SAR干涉仪。本文提出一种统计模型以在仿真现场模糊新系统的大部分工作条件。  相似文献   
154.
为了表征纤维/环氧复合材料在复合应力作用下的力学性能,进行了一项实验研究。试样有两种:圆管和带有封头的圆筒形压力容器。它们均采用螺旋/环向(±α,90°)缠绕成型。本研究还分别对AS_4石墨纤维、凯夫拉纤维以及这两种混杂纤维/环氧迭层材料进行了试验。为了测定材料平面内力学性能,圆管试样承受了内压和超轴向载荷的作用。在与圆管试样对应的内压下,对压力容器也进行了试验,然后再做爆破试验以确定材料的极限强度。为了表征材料的时间相关特性,对试样进行了室温蠕变和回复试验。  相似文献   
155.
本文采用一种计算机程序来预测燃烧时固体推进剂药柱裂缝内的弹道压力相互作用效应及压力引起的裂缝增长问题。本分析系统成功地将断裂力学有限元程序与弹道和裂缝燃烧计算程序结合起来,通过计算机程序,求出燃烧过程中每一时刻的变形和燃烧分布图。本法考虑了药柱表面和裂缝内侧面由燃烧引起的压力载荷,相应地提出了推进剂药柱因燃烧引起的断裂问题。本程序的设计区别了裂缝的燃完和裂缝的失控扩展。本程序业已改进,可用来处理由于点火器的变化和火焰传播效应引起的点火瞬变现象。  相似文献   
156.
20多年来,火箭工程设计人员一直在研究耐高温、抗氧化陶瓷材料的应用可能性,但是这些材料的主要缺点是易碎和抗热壅塞性差.目前工业用碳陶瓷和陶瓷-陶瓷结构复合材料具有很好的弹性和很强的抗热壅塞性能,这重新引起了人们制造高温火箭发动机复合材料部件的兴趣.这类新材料目前正由欧洲动力装备公司(SEP)生产,其名为SEPCARB和CERASEP,它们具有独特的热和机械性能,可以取代难熔金属而应用于可贮存二元推进剂火箭发动机的整体式喷管和推力室.装有这些部件的工艺发动机已经试验成功,从而为下一代火箭发动机的生产铺平了道路.  相似文献   
157.
最近已经证明,在硅片的一个界限明确的小区域内,可以刻蚀出高度均匀的薄层并镀上氧化锌优质压电膜和电极,从而构成高频能陷谐振器。最近的分析工作仅适合于纯厚度振动情况。木文分析了硅复合结构中压电薄膜的主要厚度伸缩能陷模。分析结果表明,在晶片上波数不大的范围内,即使硅在晶片平面上呈显著的各向异性,这个平面的色散方程也是各向同性的。从得到的色散关系,可以求出渐近微分方程和相应的边界条件。这个方程描述了振动在厚度伸缩谐振附近的复合晶片表面的模式形状。由于该模是主要厚度伸缩型的,所以就复合平片的基模来说,在电极区通常不产生能陷。然而,如果适当增加电极区外的硅厚度,就能实现电极区内的基模能陷。此外,对硅片上镀氧化锌的情况来说,只要简单地使氧化锌膜比刻蚀掉的硅厚到一定程度,就能在电极区内产生平片基模的能陷。本文将上述渐近微分方程及边界条件应用于矩形电极能陷谐振器稳态振动的分析,并获得了在谐振附近有效的导纳集总参数表示图。本分析适用于各种厚度伸缩模及其伴生的横向泛音。  相似文献   
158.
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Submillimeter interferometry has the potential to image supermassive black holes on event horizon scales, providing tests of the theory of general relativity and increasing our understanding of black hole accretion processes. The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) performs these observations from the ground, and its main imaging targets are Sagittarius A* in the Galactic Center and the black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy. However, the EHT is fundamentally limited in its performance by atmospheric effects and sparse terrestrial (u,v)-coverage (Fourier sampling of the image). The scientific interest in quantitative studies of the horizon size and shape of these black holes has motivated studies into using space interferometry which is free of these limitations. Angular resolution considerations and interstellar scattering effects push the desired observing frequency to bands above 500 GHz.
This paper presents the requirements for meeting these science goals, describes the concept of interferometry from Polar or Equatorial Medium Earth Orbits (PECMEO) which we dub the Event Horizon Imager (EHI), and utilizes suitable space technology heritage. In this concept, two or three satellites orbit at slightly different orbital radii, resulting in a dense and uniform spiral-shaped (u,v)-coverage over time. The local oscillator signals are shared via an inter-satellite link, and the data streams are correlated on-board before final processing on the ground. Inter-satellite metrology and satellite positioning are extensively employed to facilitate the knowledge of the instrument position vector, and its time derivative. The European space heritage usable for both the front ends and the antenna technology of such an instrument is investigated. Current and future sensors for the required inter-satellite metrology are listed. Intended performance estimates and simulation results are given.  相似文献   
159.
动力头的往复运动——让支架和连接组件通过机械传动来实现往复移位运动,看来是不切实际的。这在很大程度上是由于需要在每分钟内作0~120次的无级调速往复运动,  相似文献   
160.
Formate, a simple organic acid known to support chemotrophic hyperthermophiles, is found in hot springs of varying temperature and pH. However, it is not yet known how metabolic strategies that use formate could contribute to primary productivity in hydrothermal ecosystems. In an effort to provide a quantitative framework for assessing the role of formate metabolism, concentration data for dissolved formate and many other solutes in samples from Yellowstone hot springs were used, together with data for coexisting gas compositions, to evaluate the overall Gibbs energy for many reactions involving formate oxidation or reduction. The result is the first rigorous thermodynamic assessment of reactions involving formate oxidation to bicarbonate and reduction to methane coupled with various forms of iron, nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen, and oxygen for hydrothermal ecosystems. We conclude that there are a limited number of reactions that can yield energy through formate reduction, in contrast to numerous formate oxidation reactions that can yield abundant energy for chemosynthetic microorganisms. Because the energy yields are so high, these results challenge the notion that hydrogen is the primary energy source of chemosynthetic microbes in hydrothermal ecosystems.  相似文献   
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