Genetic modification and selection of microorganisms for growth on Mars

Genetic engineering has often been suggested as a mechanism for improving the survival prospects of terrestrial microoganisms when seeded on Mars. The survival characteristics that these pioneer microorganisms could be endowed with and a variety of mechanisms by which this can be achieved are discussed, together with an overview of some of the potential hurdles that must be overcome. Also, a number of biologically useful properties for these microorganisms are presented that could facilitate the initial human colonisation and ultimately the planetary engineering of Mars.     

脊波号的MFIE分析和设计

本文提出了运用磁场积分方程（ＭＦＩＥ）来分析和设计脊波导的一种统一方法。ＭＦＩＥ方法借助于脉冲基函数的简单数字提供了精确完全的解。本文的重点是针对应用于微波部件和系统的脊波导的设计，而不是数值算法的细节。在以前的著作中由于忽略ＴＥ１１模而造成的错误的带宽估值得到了校正；并且提供了有关截止频率，带宽，衰减和波导阻抗的不同的有用设计曲线，根据同正确的闭式解以及其它已发表的结果的比较，说明所提出的理论是     

亚音速运输机翼下短舱与翼上短舱布局的比较

发展更高的函道比涡轮风扇发动机对未来亚音运输机提出了新一体化问题。目前普遍认为通过挂架安装在翼下短舱,这种有效的,一体化的布局将优越于翼上短舱布局。 短舱安装方式引起上翼面大面积的压力扰动有力地说明了这一点,翼上短舱安装方式本身又导致升务减小,阻力增大。然而,本文结果表明翼上短舱布局也是气劝有效的安装方式。     

主动（雷达）与被动（红外）测量数据融合的一种部分分布式结构

融合不同维数的测量的一种普通方法是采用顺序卡尔曼滤波器。这种顺序滤波器尤其适用于异步测量的场合；然而，如果有任何一个传感器性能下降，则它有可能发散。为此，本文提出了一种采用多外局部航迹的部分分布式或增维航迹结构的方法。为了融合脉冲多普勒雷达（距离和角度）的信息和红外成像系统（仅角度）的信息，在航迹级融合前要给红外系统的“不完整的”测量分配一个伪距项，这样就增加了一个距离维。这种结构在稳健性方面有潜在的优势，当红外成像系统的测量变差时，雷达的局部轨迹不会受到损害。文中对所提出的结构进行了模拟，并与在相同情况下用顺序滤波器获得的结果进行比较。模拟中采用了多种数据率。在通常的情况下，部分分布式滤波器需要有附加的时间校准逻辑，对用于融合处理的单独的雷达航迹和红外成像系统航迹进行预处理。这项研究的最终目的是确定部分分布式滤波器是否可以替代顺序滤波器，并且研究将部分分布式滤波器应用到加拿大军队的侦察型轻型装甲车（LAV）上的可能性。     

采用参数谱估计方法的超分辨率SAR成像

讨论了采用改进的参数谱估计算法的超分辨率合成孔径雷达（ＳＡＲ）图像形成，参数谱估计方法是在参数数据模型的基础上设计的，同时用于估计模型参数，由于在ＳＡＲ的应用中经常利用ＳＡＲ图像而不同模型参数，因此我们采用依靠参数方法获得的参数估值来模拟大维数的数据短阵，然后对它们采用快速傅里叶变换（ＦＦＴ）以产生具有超分辨率的ＳＡＲ图像，采用ＭＳＴＡＲ和Ｍｉｃｈｉｇａｎ环境研究所（ＥＲＩＭ）数据的实验例子说明，和常规的ＦＦＴ方法相比，鲁棒的频谱估计算法能产生更高分辨率的ＳＡＲ图像，并能增强显著的目标特征。     

Taxane recovery from cells of Taxus in micro- and hypergravity

Cell suspension cultures of Taxus cuspidata produce taxanes that are released from the outer surface of cells into the culture medium as free and bound alkaloids. Paclitaxel (Taxol (TM)), is an anti-cancer drug in short supply. It has a taxane ring derived from baccatin III and a C-13 phenylisoserine side-chain. This drug is produced over a wide range of gravitational forces. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to paclitaxel, baccatin III, and the C-13 phenylisoserine side chain were combined in multiple-labeling studies to localize taxanes and paclitaxel on cell surfaces or on particles released into the culture medium. Bioreactor vessel design altered the composition of taxanes recovered from cells in simulated microgravity. At 10(-2) and 2x10(-4)g, taxane recovery was reduced but biomass growth and percent paclitaxel was significantly increased. At 1 to 24g, growth was reduced with a significant recovery of total taxanes with low percent paclitaxel. Bound paclitaxel was also localized in endonuclease-rich fragmenting nuclei of individual apoptotic cells. A model is presented comprising TCH (touch) genes encoding enzymes that modify taxane-bearing xylan residues in cell walls, the calcium-sensing of gravitational forces by the cytoplasm, and the predisposition of nuclei to apoptosis. This integrates the adaptive physiological and biochemical responses of drug-producing genomes with gravitational forces.     

运用Hough变换的搜索雷达检测和跟踪：第一部分：系统理论

本文的第一部分描述和分析了一种检测搜索雷达信号和数据的方法，该方法应用Ｈｏｕｇｈ变换的图象处理技术从多维数据图中提取目标信号和航迹，文中考虑了系统设计理论且给出了说明理论的模拟例子，同更传统的技术相比，该技术具有很多的优点。这些优点包括改进的检测，距离游动问题的一种解法，实现方法的灵活性，低扫描率等待时间的利用和不需要重新探测的自动跟踪截获。该理论与使用以前扫描所获初始信息来帮助发现目标的检测跟踪     

一种接近最优JPDA算法

多目标跟踪的关键问题是点迹－航迹数据关联。点迹是从能够提供位置信息的目标或背景杂波中接收到的信号。如果一条航迹关联上不正确的点迹，那么该航迹会偏离目标且过早终止。甚至会引起其它航迹也偏离目标，大多数点迹－航迹数据关联方法分为两类：多假设跟踪（ＭＨＴ）和联合概率数据关联（ＪＰＤＡ）。ＭＨＴ方法用所有或部分适宜的点迹修正航迹，并延迟判断那一个点迹是正确的。ＪＰＤＡ用合理点迹的加权和修正航迹，这些权值是     

Surface and downhole prospecting tools for planetary exploration: tests of neutron and gamma ray probes

The ability to locate and characterize icy deposits and other hydrogenous materials on the Moon and Mars will help us understand the distribution of water and, therefore, possible habitats at Mars, and may help us locate primitive prebiotic compounds at the Moon's poles. We have developed a rover-borne neutron probe that localizes a near-surface icy deposit and provides information about its burial depth and abundance. We have also developed a borehole neutron probe to determine the stratigraphy of hydrogenous subsurface layers while operating within a drill string segment. In our field tests, we have used a neutron source to "illuminate" surrounding materials and gauge the instruments' efficacy, and we can simulate accurately the observed instrument responses using a Monte Carlo nuclear transport code (MCNPX). An active neutron source would not be needed for lunar or martian near-surface exploration: cosmic-ray interactions provide sufficient neutron flux to depths of several meters and yield better depth and abundance sensitivity than an active source. However, for deep drilling (>or=10 m depth), a source is required. We also present initial tests of a borehole gamma ray lithodensity tool and demonstrate its utility in determining soil or rock densities and composition.