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991.
The radiation spectra of the ionosphere in the 4–5 μm region have been determined from stratospheric balloons by means of the specially elaborated method of the registration of angular and spectral distribution of the radiation. The radiation bands of 4.4 μm and 4.8 μm which have 0.1–0.2 erg cm?2 sr?1s?1. brightness obtained in two flights, are identified with the vibration-rotation transitions of the ion NO+ (0 - 1) and the molecules N14N15 (0 - 1) and CO (0 - 1) and (3 - 2) from altitudes between 120 and 500 km.  相似文献   
992.
Morphogenetically competent proembryonic cells and well-developed somatic embryos of carrot at two levels of organization were exposed for 18.5 days to a hypogravity environment aboard the Soviet Biosatellite Cosmos 1129. It was confirmed that cultured totipotent cells of carrot can give rise to embryos with well-developed roots and minimally developed shoots. It was also shown that the space hypogravity environment could support the further growth of already-organized, later somatic embryonic stages and give rise to fully developed embryo-plantlets with roots and shoots.  相似文献   
993.
Stratospheric air samples collected between 10 and 35 km altitude my means of a cryogenic sampler were analyzed by gaschromatography. Thus vertical profiles of source gases for halogen radicals were derived, such as CCl4, CCl3F, CCl2F2, CClF3, CF4, C2F3Cl3, C2F4Cl2, C2F5Cl, C2F6, CH3Cl, CH3CCl3, CHF2Cl, CH3Br, CBrF3, and CBrCl2F. Systematic discrepancies between measured and modelled halocarbon profiles point to deficiencies of present one- and two-dimensional models. Measurements of fully halogenated hydrocarbons provide a tool for systematically studying these deficiencies and thus improving the models.  相似文献   
994.
Permanent magnet generators are often used as the pilot exciters of three-stage generating units to provide an efficient and reliable source of electrical power. No external power supply is then necessary, and the problems associated with brushwear and with arcing at the rubbing contacts are eliminated. A technique is presented here by which the performance of a permanent magnet generator, when combined with a rectifier-fed d.c. load at its output terminals, may be accurately and efficiently computed. The machine model takes into account the magnetization characteristic of the permanent magnet rotor and involves only parameters which can be determined from terminal measurements on the machine at standstill. Both computed and measured characteristics for an experimental machine are presented, and a comparison of these characteristics shows that the model can predict accurately all the major characteristics of the machine, as well as its detailed internal performance, when supplying a typical resistiveinductive load.  相似文献   
995.
A Nonlinear Tracker Using Attitude Measurements   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The subject of this paper involves tracking the present position of a maneuvering aircraft as well as predicting its future position. A tracking filter is developed that uses aircraft attitude angles (yaw, pitch, roll) in addition to the usual radar measurements. Computer simulation of tracker performance when tracking violently maneuvering aircraft indicates that a dramatic improvement is obtained by using attitude information. The approach taken is to develop a 12-or 15-state extended Kalman filter that models both translational and rotational degrees of freedom. By measuring and estimating attitude it is possible to approximately determine the magnitude and direction of the force system acting on the vehicle and therefore determine vehicle linear acceleration. Knowledge of acceleration is then used to improve the estimate of present and future position of the vehicle being tracked. Simulation of a T-38 aircraft performing a 5 g turn indicates that the new tracker produces maximum trajectory prediction errors that are 36 percent of the errors experienced by more conventional trackers.  相似文献   
996.
Geological analysis and evaluation of digitally processed and enhanced LANDSAT MSS data products for three test areas of Singhbhum Shear Zone, India has led to certain significant results regarding optimisation and utility of such techniques for geological studies and obtaining additional/new information regarding lithology and structure. Three band-to-band ratio images are found to give best results. Lithologic formations could be subdivided into a number of units. The Westward and southeastward extension of the shear zone could be delineated thereby indicating scope of mineralisation in these parts.  相似文献   
997.
An experimental study of the turbulence generated by an enclosed, premixed, propane-air flame has been carried out in a combustion chamber of 25 × 20 cm cross section. Care was taken to reduce any effects of the axial pressure gradient. By suitable changes in the grid geometry, the turbulence intensity and scale of the approach flow were varied independently. The results of these experiments show that a strong link exists between the mechanisms of turbulent flame propagation and flame-generated turbulence. Thus three distinct regions may be identified, each having different characteristics in regard to the effects of turbulence scale on flame-generated turbulence. For each region, a physical mechanism for flame-generated turbulence is proposed. In particular, it is observed that over a wide range of intensity and scale of the approach turbulence, (a) the relative turbulence intensity in the flame zone varies in the range 1–2 times the relative turbulence intensity of the cold flow, (b) in the region of intermediate turbulence levels ( ) the flame-generated turbulence intensity reaches a minimum value which is equal to the approach stream turbulence intensity, (c) the flame-generated turbulence intensity reaches a maximum value when the rate of production of turbulent vorticity is equal to about half its rate of viscous dissipation.  相似文献   
998.
For most liquid-fueled combustion systems the behavior of the fuel as it is introduced to the combustion zone, often by spray injection, will have a significant impact on combustion. The subsequent combustion may be affected to a considerable degree by the initial spread of the liquid, break-up of larger fuel sheets and droplets into droplets of various sizes, droplet vaporization, and diffusion of gaseous fuel. Among the many factors which affect spray break-up and droplet vaporization are the environmental conditions into which the spray is introduced. For both diesel engines and rockets the environment pressure and temperature may be above the critical pressure and temperature of the injected fuel. In a compression-ignition internal combustion engine, the environment consists primarily of air, at pressures from 20 to 100 atmospheres and temperatures ranging from 900 to 1500 K. Even higher pressures are encountered in turbocharged diesels. A typical diesel reference fuel, dodecane, has a thermodynamic critical pressure of about 17 atmospheres, and a critical temperature of 600 K. Fuel is injected into a diesel engine environment in which ambient pressures exceed the critical pressure. While droplet temperatures are subcritical at first, they may rise to the critical temperature or higher.This paper will survey current understanding of supercritical pressure droplet vaporization. Specifically, the topics covered will include: liquid phase behavior; vapor phase behavior; thermodynamic and transport properties; droplet distribution and break-up; micro-explosions; and effects of microgravity.  相似文献   
999.
The topics, advanced aircraft electric system and all-electric airplane, inspire a broad range of concepts from the evolutionary to the revolutionary. The revolutionary developments are exciting to the research and development community but find little encouragement or acceptance from airframe developers whose objective is to build an advanced technology airplane using only-off-the-shelf, proven equipment. Their anthem rings "We know how bad the ___________ is, but we have learned to live with it. We have only your vision of how good an advanced system will be and fear to chance it. "However, the cost of living with these known systems combined with the escalating cost of fuel and the military need to address advanced mission capability demands more than a patch called improved reliability and maintainability. The time is at hand to demonstrate an evolutionary approach to achieve a revolutionary improvement. This paper describes an advanced electric system, the life cycle cost improvement anticipated, and the evolutionary means to implementation.  相似文献   
1000.
Recent in situ measurements with balloon borne quadrupole mass spectrometers, between 20 and 45 km altitude, are reviewed and discussed.The major stratospheric positive ions observed are proton hydrates [H+(H2O)n] and non proton hydrates of the form H+Xm(H2O)2. The data analysis allows a derivation of the vertical mixing ratio profile of X (most probably CH3CN), which is compared with recent model calculations. From negative ion composition data, showing the presence of NO3? and HSO4? cluster ions, the density of sulfuric acid in the stratosphere is deduced. The implications of these findings on our understanding of the sulfur chemistry is briefly treated.Finally some other aspects such as contamination, cluster break up and the use of stratospheric ion mass spectra for determination of thermochemical data and other minor constituents are discussed.  相似文献   
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