通过聚集探测SAR图像中的动目标

本文介绍的是一种在合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像中探测动目标的方法。这种方法是将SAR复图像分成若干分区，分别对各个分区进行聚焦，然后测量聚焦区域中锐度的增长情况，这种方法能敏锐地检测到目标的方位速度，对目标径向加速度的检测尤为敏锐，还能对任意方向的运动进行检测，对于只能检测快速运动目标径向速度的传统多普勒传感动目标指示器而言，这种方法是一种有效的补充。     

短脉冲信号的天线旁瓣响应

讨论了信号在很短的持续时间内，天线旁瓣区域接收的信号波形。可以发现，输出信号的波形与输入信号的波形是完全不同的。给出了分析理论解释并举例说明了这些影响，还证实了分析的有效性。提出了多种用途。     

The natural cytotoxicity in cosmonauts on board space stations

The nature of the changes of resistance to infection seems to be very important. Our studies indicate that different functions of natural killers could be depressed after the spaceflight. The decrease of the percentage of the lymphocytes that can bind target cells lead to the lowering of the “active” NK level and this can be resulted in the depression of total NK activity and lowering of resistance to viral and tumor antigens. The investigation of natural killer cells in cosmonauts before and after short and long-term spaceflights also revealed the important role of spaceflight duration, stress and individual immune reactivity.     

MX导弹测试系统多路复用器组合

MX导弹测试系统多路复用器组合用于采集导弹飞行试验的测量数据。多路复用器组合包括一个多路复用器编程控制单元(MU)、2至32个远置多路复用单元(RU)以及若干个电源检查单元(PSV)。 MU的主要用途是作为可编程序的系统控制器,接收本地输入数据并将这些数据与来自RU的数据一道编成PCM的格式输出。RU通过指令和应答数据总线与MU相接口,进行远距离数据采集。PSV为模拟信号源提供精确的激励电压并控制模拟信号的偏移以进行校验检查。 32个RU中有31个通过飞行器上的两对数据总线与MU相接,余下的1个RU经脐带或数据总线接到飞行器。这个留在地面上的RU与飞行器上的相同,但对其功能要求却完全不同。它主要用来装入并校验MU程序。飞行器上的每条数据总线最长可达130英尺,脐带总线最长为250英尺。MX导弹无法使用理想的终端负载总线,因为导弹分离时总线的配置要改变。级间分离时电缆将发生开路或短路。为保证总线上剩余的RU正常工作,接口隔离变压器绕有电流和电压绕组以提供最大的次级信号电平而反射失真最小。数据总线使用Manchester Ⅱ型码,工作频率为3.2MHz。 MU可对160个本地差分模拟信道进行采样,增益与偏移可编程,最大采样率为170,665次/秒。由96个离散通道中可以编程的灵活组合方式取出8路离散输入,采样率可达每秒51,200次。MU还可以接受4路串行数据通道的数据并提供向8条命令通道的输出。命令可在飞行前从地面发出,发射后这些命令按时间事件驱动的方式编程,同时也按在两种工作之间来回重复的格式编程。PCM码速率为1.6Mbps。MU在16位4096字的CMOS RAM存贮器中存贮5种格式供飞行中选用。每个RU可访问28条模拟通道和8条数字通道,并可控制2条命令通道和6条检验通道。PSV不同数据总线相连,对它的控制通过MU或RU命令通道执行。系统可由外部同步或按内部时钟工作,传送方式经过仔细考虑,从而减少数据丢失。系统主要特点是体积小、重量轻、功耗低和可靠性高。弹内装载的监测器和计算机控制的全自动测试设备提供了快速和可观的参数检测手段,从而在很大程度上减少了故障。     

Optical search for extraterrestrial intelligence with Air Cerenkov telescopes

We propose using large Air Cerenkov telescopes (ACTs) to search for optical, pulsed signals from extraterrestrial intelligence. Such dishes collect tens of photons from a nanosecond-scale pulse of isotropic equivalent power of tens of solar luminosities at a distance of 100 pc. The field of view for giant ACTs can be on the order of 10 square degrees, and they will be able to monitor 10-100 stars simultaneously for nanosecond pulses of about 6th magnitude or brighter. Using the Earth's diameter as a baseline, orbital motion of the planet could be detected by timing the pulse arrivals.     

Why Raman spectroscopy on Mars?--a case of the right tool for the right job

We provide a scientific rationale for the astrobiological investigation of Mars. We suggest that, given practical constraints, the most promising locations for the search for former life on Mars are palaeolake craters and the evaporite deposits that may reside within them. We suggest that Raman spectroscopy offers a promising tool for the detection of evidence of former (or extant) biota on Mars. In particular, we highlight the detection of hopanoids as long-lived bacterial cell wall products and photosynthetic pigments as the most promising targets. We further suggest that Raman spectroscopy as a fibre optic-based instrument lends itself to flexible planetary deployment.     

Aspartic acid racemization and age-depth relationships for organic carbon in Siberian permafrost

We have analyzed the degree of racemization of aspartic acid in permafrost samples from Northern Siberia, an area from which microorganisms of apparent ages up to a few million years have previously been isolated and cultured. We find that the extent of aspartic acid racemization in permafrost cores increases very slowly up to an age of approximately 25,000 years (around 5 m in depth). The apparent temperature of racemization over the age range of 0-25,000 years, determined using measured aspartic acid racemization rate constants, is -19 degrees C. This apparent racemization temperature is significantly lower than the measured environmental temperature (-11 to -13 degrees C) and suggests active recycling of D-aspartic acid in Siberian permafrost up to an age of around 25,000 years. This indicates that permafrost organisms are capable of repairing some molecular damage incurred while in a "dormant" state over geologic time.     

Archaeal genome organization and stress responses: implications for the origin and evolution of cellular life

For DNA to be used as an informational molecule it must exist in the cell on the edge of stability because all genomic processes require local controlled melting. This presents mechanistic opportunities and problems for genomic DNA from hyperthermophilic organisms, whose unpackaged DNA could melt at optimal temperatures for growth. Hyperthermophiles are suggested to employ the novel positively supercoiling topoisomerase enzyme reverse gyrase (RG) to form positively supercoiled DNA that is intrinsically resistant to thermal denaturation. RG is presently the only archaeal gene that is uniquely found in hyperthermophiles and therefore is central to hypotheses suggesting a hypothermophilic origin of life. However, the suggestion that RG has evolved by the fusion of two pre-existing enzymes has led to hypotheses for a lower temperature for the origin of life. In addition to the action of topoisomerases, DNA packaging and the intracellular ionic environment can also manipulate DNA topology significantly. In the Euryarchaeota, nucleosomes containing minimal histones can adopt two alternate DNA topologies in a salt-dependent manner. From this we hypothesize that since internal salt concentrations are increased following an increase in temperature, the genomic effects of temperature fluctuations could also be accommodated by changes in nucleosome organization. In addition, stress-induced changes in the nucleoid proteins could also play a role in maintaining the genome in the optimal topological state in changing environments. The function of these systems could therefore be central to temperature adaptation and thus be implicated in origin of life scenarios involving hyperthermophiles.     

推进剂温度对比冲的影响

本文研究了预示推进剂温度对比冲(I_(s))影响的改进方法。对现有的仅仅考虑热容的方法进行了评价,发现它是不完善的。研究了两种新方法,它们是:a)修正热容法,b)理论上处理生成热和压力影响的方法。两种方法均使用赫克利斯公司改进后的暂定固体性能程序(SPP—HI),作为基本分析方法来预示比冲。为了建立新的方法,在研究工作中使用了几种不同尺寸的全尺寸发动机的点火试验数据。研究结果表明,推进剂温度对比冲的影响不大,比冲的变化随推进剂生成热的变化比随发动机平均压力的变化更为敏感。     

跨音速机翼的方案设计方法

阐述了跨音速机翼的方案设计方法，文中所描述的研究是开发该技术用于方案设计，建立并存取跨音速气动力数据库的第一步，该研究的主导思想是开发一种可以进行非线性气流数据叠加的方法，用轻型公务机的实际设计对该方法进行了测试。