解决多目标跟踪和雷达测量问题的SME滤波器法

用以在多目标跟踪（ＭＴＴ）时保持规定航迹的对称测量方程（ＳＭＥ）滤波器法，被推广应用于雷达位置测量。ＳＭＥ滤波器的一个主要特性，是在进行目标状态估值时毋需考虑目标／测量关联，从而明显减小了ＭＴＴ计算的复杂性。本文导出三维空间内Ｎ个目标运动情况的ＳＭＥ滤波器，目标的运动包括恒速轨迹左右的随机扰动。假设这Ｎ个目标的球坐标位置（距离、俯仰角和方位角）的噪声测量值为已知，则这项工作的重点将是由球坐标位置值     

Adaptational changes in the neural control of cardiorespiratory function in a confined environment: the CNEC#3 experiment

The goal of the study was to characterize the changes in neurovegetative control of the circulation, attending the presumed physiological and psychological stress originated by the isolation and confinement typical of the living condition of space stations, as simulated in a ground based unit, using time and frequency domain analysis. As a secondary goal we sought to verify the implementation of real time data acquisition, for off line spectral analisys of R-R interval, systolic arterial pressure (by Finapres) and respiration (by PVF2 piezoelectric sensors).

We addressed the cardiorespiratory and neurovegetative responses to standardized, simple Stressors (active standing, dynamic and static handgrip) on the EXEMSI 92 crew, before, during and after the isolation period.

On average the appropriate excitatory responses (to stand, dynamic and static handgrip) were elicited also in isolation and confinement.

Active standing and small masses muscular exercises are easy to be performed in a confined and isolated environment and provide a valuable tool for investigating the adaptational changes in neural control mechanisms.

The possibility there exists of using this time and frequency domain approach to monitor the level of performance and well being of the space crew in (quasi) real time.     

Psychological countermeasures for extended manned spaceflights

The authors examine psychological issues and countermeasures in extended space flight. Individual-oriented pre-flight countermeasures include basic psychological selection and training of astronaut candidates. Crew-oriented pre-flight countermeasures include crew composition based on psychological compatibility and psychological mission preparation. Psychological inflight support measures include those that address the emotional state and well-being of astronauts, performance efficiency, and prevention of task overload. Suggestions for an integrated approach to psychological countermeasures for extended flights are presented. Case reports examine psychological selection and training of German astronauts in preparation for the STS-55 mission.     

Lick Observatory Optical SETI: targeted search and new directions

Lick Observatory's Optical SETI (search for extraterrestrial intelligence) program has been in regular operation for 4.5 years. We have observed 4,605 stars of spectral types F-M within 200 light-years of Earth. Occasionally, we have appended objects of special interest, such as stars with known planetary systems. We have observed 14 candidate signals ("triple coincidences"), all but one of which are explained by transient local difficulties. Additional observations of the remaining candidate have failed to confirm arriving pulse events. We now plan to proceed in a more economical manner by operating in an unattended drift scan mode. Between operational and equipment modifications, efficiency will more than double.     

Effect on the cardiac function of repeated LBNP during a 1-month head down tilt

Cardiovascular assessment by ultrasound methods was performed during two long duration (1 month) Head Down Tilt (HDT) on 6 healthy volunteers. On a first 1 month HDT session, 3 of the 6 subjects (A, B, C) had daily several lower body negative pressure tests (LBNP), whereas the 3 subjects remaining (D, E, F) rested without LBNP. On a second 1 month HDT session subjects D, E, and F had daily LBNP tests and the A, B and C subjects did not. The cardiac function was assessed by Echocardiography, (B mode, TM mode). On all the "6 non LBNP" subjects the left ventricule diastolic volume (LVDV), the stroke volume (SV) and the cardiac output (CO) increase (+10%, -15%) after HDT then decrease and remain inferior (-5%, -5%) or equal to the basal value during the HDT. Immediately after the end of the HDT the heart rate (HR) increase (+10%, +30%) whereas the cardiac parameters decrease weakly (-5%, -10%) and normalize after 3 days of recovery. On the "6 LBNP" subjects the LVDV, SV and CO increase (+10%, 15%) after 1 h HDT as in the previous group then decrease but remain superior (+5%, +15%) or equal to the basal value. After the HDT session, the HR is markedly increased (+20%, +40%) the LVDV and SV decrease (-15%, -20%) whereas the CO increases or decreases depending on the amplitude of the HR variations. These parameters do not completely normalize after 3 day's recovery. Repeated LBNP sessions have a significant effect on the cardiovascular function as it maintains all cardiac parameters above the basal value. The LBNP manoeuvre can be considered as an efficient countermeasure to prevent cardiac disadaptation induced by HDT position and probably microgravity.     

A search for narrow band signals with SERENDIP II: a progress report

Commensal programs for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), carried out concurrently with conventional radio astronomical observing programs, can be an attractive and cost-effective means of exploring the large multidimensional search space intrinsic to this effort. Our automated commensal system, SERENDIP II, is a high resolution 131,072 channel spectrometer. It searches for 0.49 Hz signals in sequential 64,700 Hz bands of the IF signal from a radio telescope being used for an astronomical observation. Upon detection of a narrow band signal with power above a preset threshold, the frequency, power, time, and telescope direction are recorded for later study. The system has been tested at the Hat Creek Radio Astronomy Observatory 85 ft telescope and the NASA-JPL Deep Space Station (DSS 14) 64 m telescope. It is currently collecting data at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory 300 ft telescope.     

微波光导纤维展望

预测今后十年中微波系统用光纤的需求,徽波光纤迅速普及的一个主要因素是它的损耗极小;概要介绍光纤在遥控中心、相控阵、频谱分析仪、延迟线信号处理器、导弹制导和模/数转换装置中应用的优越性及使用方式;对各种光纤的性能改进作了展望.     

固体推进剂药柱结构安全裕度预测方法述评

当前,各工业公司用来预测固体推进剂药柱结构安全裕度的方法各不相同。虽然他们所用的计算公式均很相似,但针对具体问题算得的安全裕度值却是有正有负。事实上,这一问题已成为发动机药柱设计结构完整性评定工作产生混乱的根源。本文评论了影响安全裕度计算的各项参数,即破坏准则、结构分析方法、推进剂响应和破坏特性。本文还鉴别和讨论了与上述参数有关的技术问题,提出了今后研究工作中应予关注的问题。     

机载阵列雷达抑制运动杂波的学习算法

一种称为自适应空时处理器(STP)的线性滤波器是一种相对比较新的方法，它使机载阵列天线雷达目标检测概率达到最大。理论上，全自适应STP可以实时获得最优解(一种维恩滤波器)。但是，实际上全自适应STP也存在一些问题。首先，线性滤波器的加权数可能非常大。其次，单一加权矢量的计算复杂度大约为O(MN)^3。再次，STP为线性滤波器但却工作在非线性不稳定的环境中。这些问题导致采用空时处理器传统技术的实时、最佳处理是现行计算技术内所不及的。为使运动杂波对目标检测的影响最小，本文探讨了人工神经网络和几种学习算法的可应用性。人工神经网络是一种自适应、并行、分布式处理系统，可以实时完成复杂计算。学习算法的机理是为了存储新的信息或变更信息，人工神经网络中的长期存储器要不断更新而又不被破坏。由于学习算法既能在系统的使用期内保留信息又能变更信息，所以对雷达系统的计算要求降到了最低，同时还能适应环境的变化。     

二相流的最大推力喷管

本文针对在流场中含有凝态和固态颗粒的最大喷管设计进行了最佳分析。编制一套设计程序,程序中分析一个假定的喷管形状,确定它是否为最大推力喷管,若不是,就用松弛法修正假定的形状,直到获得最大推力喷管为止。参数的研究说明颗粒尺寸、喷管收敛角、喉部曲率半径、颗粒阻力、热传递系数、颗粒与气体质量流量比以及喷管尺寸的影响。