Distributing space weather monitoring instruments and educational materials worldwide for IHY 2007: The AWESOME and SID project

The International Heliophysical Year (IHY) aims to advance our understanding of the fundamental processes that govern the Sun, Earth, and heliosphere. The IHY Education and Outreach Program is dedicated to inspiring the next generation of space and Earth scientists as well as spreading the knowledge, beauty, and relevance of our solar system to the people of the world. In our Space Weather Monitor project we deploy a global network of sensors to high schools and universities to provide quantitative diagnostics of solar-induced ionospheric disturbances, thunderstorm intensity, and magnetospheric activity. We bring real scientific instruments and data in a cost-effective way to students throughout the world. Instruments meet the objectives of being sensitive enough to produce research-quality data, yet inexpensive enough for placement in high schools and universities. The instruments and data have been shown to be appropriate to, and usable by, high school age and early university students. Data contributed to the Stanford data center is openly shared and partnerships between groups in different nations develop naturally. Students and teachers have direct access to scientific expertise.     

Ambiguity Removal When Using Burst Waveforms. Part II: Nonlinear Processing

An effective technique for removing range ambiguities (detections at ranges other than the true range of the object) arising when using a burst waveform is to transmit two bursts with different pulse repetition frequencies nearly simultaneously and then to process their outputs nonlinearly. This correspondence introduces two nonlinear processors which combine coincidence detection with either noncoherent multiplication or integration. It is shown that the combined false alarm and ambiguity removal performance of these nonlinear processors is superior to the performance of coincidence detection, noncoherent multiplication, or noncoherent integration when used separately.     

适用于BOC(m,n)信号的无模糊捕获技术

针对二进制偏移载波(BOC)调制信号自相关多峰特性引起的信号捕获模糊性问题,提出了一种子相关相乘边峰消除技术(CMSCT)。根据BOC子相关函数的特性,通过将不同子相关函数相乘获得边峰消除能力,并且为了充分利用接收信号,进一步提高捕获性能,提出了相应的优化算法。分析对比了提出算法的实现复杂度和基于恒虚警率准则的峰值发现概率,对Galileo E1C中频采样信号的处理结果表明:提出的边峰消除方法有效解决了捕获模糊性问题。     

先进机身结构和材料设计

由于大型商用飞机机身结构的复杂性,其碳纤维复合材料部件的设计、制造和取证都不能借用现有的制造维修基本经验.碳纤维复合材料机身壁板超越了现代化金属技术,对应力应变的保守限制要求必须保证将具有损伤容限的机身结构交付到航空公司.这样,碳纤维复合材料壁板技术的应用至少限制了新飞机家族第一代成员的重量.     

Evidence for a Two-Stage Acceleration Process in Large Solar Energetic Particle Events

Using high-resolution mass spectrometers on board the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE), we surveyed the event-averaged ∼0.1–60 MeV/nuc heavy ion elemental composition in 64 large solar energetic particle (LSEP) events of cycle 23. Our results show the following: (1) The Fe/O ratio decreases with increasing energy up to ∼10 MeV/nuc in ∼92% of the events and up to ∼60 MeV/nuc in ∼64% of the events. (2) The rare isotope ³He is greatly enhanced over the corona or the solar wind values in 46% of the events. (3) The heavy ion abundances are not systematically organized by the ion’s M/Q ratio when compared with the solar wind values. (4) Heavy ion abundances from C–Fe exhibit systematic M/Q-dependent enhancements that are remarkably similar to those seen in ³He-rich SEP events and CME-driven interplanetary (IP) shock events. Taken together, these results confirm the role of shocks in energizing particles up to ∼60 MeV/nuc in the majority of large SEP events of cycle 23, but also show that the seed population is not dominated by ions originating from the ambient corona or the thermal solar wind, as previously believed. Rather, it appears that the source material for CME-associated large SEP events originates predominantly from a suprathermal population with a heavy ion enrichment pattern that is organized according to the ion’s mass-per-charge ratio. These new results indicate that current LSEP models must include the routine production of this dynamic suprathermal seed population as a critical pre-cursor to the CME shock acceleration process.     

The Cosmic-Ray Isotope Spectrometer for the Advanced Composition Explorer

The Cosmic-Ray Isotope Spectrometer is designed to cover the highest decade of the Advanced Composition Explorer's energy interval, from ∼50 to ∼500 MeV nucl−1, with isotopic resolution for elements from Z≃2 to Z≃30. The nuclei detected in this energy interval are predominantly cosmic rays originating in our Galaxy. This sample of galactic matter can be used to investigate the nucleosynthesis of the parent material, as well as fractionation, acceleration, and transport processes that these particles undergo in the Galaxy and in the interplanetary medium. Charge and mass identification with CRIS is based on multiple measurements of dE/dx and total energy in stacks of silicon detectors, and trajectory measurements in a scintillating optical fiber trajectory (SOFT) hodoscope. The instrument has a geometrical factor of ∼r250 cm2 sr for isotope measurements, and should accumulate ∼5×106 stopping heavy nuclei (Z>2) in two years of data collection under solar minimum conditions. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

武装型直升机隐身设计和光电探测系统应用探讨

为了提高武装直升机在遭遇制导武器威胁下的战场生存力,可在直升机的隐身设计技术上采取多种手段。阐述了雷达隐身、红外隐身、可见光隐身和激光隐身等技术特性,为武装直升机总体隐身设计提供技术参考。     

Crater detection via genetic search methods to reduce image features

Recent approaches to crater detection have been inspired by face detection’s use of gray-scale texture features. Using gray-scale texture features for supervised machine learning crater detection algorithms provides better classification of craters in planetary images than previous methods. When using Haar features it is typical to generate thousands of numerical values from each candidate crater image. This magnitude of image features to extract and consider can spell disaster when the application is an entire planetary surface. One solution is to reduce the number of features extracted and considered in order to increase accuracy as well as speed. Feature subset selection provides the operational classifiers with a concise and denoised set of features by reducing irrelevant and redundant features. Feature subset selection is known to be NP-hard. To provide an efficient suboptimal solution, four genetic algorithms are proposed to use greedy selection, weighted random selection, and simulated annealing to distinguish discriminate features from indiscriminate features. Inspired by analysis regarding the relationship between subset size and accuracy, a squeezing algorithm is presented to shrink the genetic algorithm’s chromosome cardinality during the genetic iterations. A significant increase in the classification performance of a Bayesian classifier in crater detection using image texture features is observed.     

操纵面作动对无尾布局无人机纵向气动特性的影响

通过风洞测力实验,研究了不同操纵面作动对某无尾布局无人机纵向气动特性的影响.实验结果表明:升降副翼以及襟副翼正向偏转都会使全机升力系数、阻力系数以及低头力矩增加.升降副翼作动引起的增量要高于襟副翼,并且舵偏角度越大增量越大.全动翼尖作动对全机纵向气动特性基本没有影响.在线性段,鸭翼作动对升力系数和阻力系数影响不大;线性段之外,鸭翼作动使得升力系数和阻力系数减小.迎角α<16°以及α>38°时,鸭翼正向作动使得低头力矩减小,负向作动使得低头力矩增加.操纵面作动对低头力矩的控制效率由高到低依次为:升降副翼、襟副翼、鸭翼和全动翼尖.进一步分析表明不同操纵面的控制效率与舵容量系数具有较大关系.