Implementing digital terrain data in knowledge-aided space-time adaptive processing

Many practical problems arise when implementing digital terrain data in airborne knowledge-aided (KA) space-time adaptive processing (STAP). This paper addresses these issues and presents solutions with numerical implementations. In particular, using digital land classification data and digital elevation data, techniques are developed for registering these data with radar return signals, correcting for Doppler and spatial misalignments, adjusting for antenna gain, characterizing clutter patches for secondary data selection, and ensuring independent secondary data samples. These techniques are applied to select secondary data for a single-bin post-Doppler STAP algorithm using multi-channel airborne radar measurement (MCARM) program data. Results with the KA approach are compared with those obtained using the standard sliding window method for choosing secondary data. These results illustrate the benefits of using terrain information, a priori data about the radar, and the importance of statistical independence when selecting secondary data for improving STAP performance     

The Coma of Comet 9P/Tempel 1

As comet 9P/Tempel 1 approaches the Sun in 2004–2005, a temporary atmosphere, or “coma,” will form, composed of molecules and dust expelled from the nucleus as its component icy volatiles sublimate. Driven mainly by water ice sublimation at surface temperatures T > 200 K, this coma is a gravitationally unbound atmosphere in free adiabatic expansion. Near the nucleus (≤ 10² km), it is in collisional equilibrium, at larger distances (≥10⁴ km) it is in free molecular flow. Ultimately the coma components are swept into the comet’s plasma and dust tails or simply dissipate into interplanetary space. Clues to the nature of the cometary nucleus are contained in the chemistry and physics of the coma, as well as with its variability with time, orbital position, and heliocentric distance. The DI instrument payload includes CCD cameras with broadband filters covering the optical spectrum, allowing for sensitive measurement of dust in the comet’s coma, and a number of narrowband filters for studying the spatial distribution of several gas species. DI also carries the first near-infrared spectrometer to a comet flyby since the VEGA mission to Halley in 1986. This spectrograph will allow detection of gas emission lines from the coma in unprecedented detail. Here we discuss the current state of understanding of the 9P/Tempel 1 coma, our expectations for the measurements DI will obtain, and the predicted hazards that the coma presents for the spacecraft. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Huygens' Surface Science Package

The design and performance of the Surface Science Package (SSP) on the Huygens probe are discussed. This instrument consists of nine separate sensors that are designed to measure a wide range of physical properties of Titan's lower atmosphere, surface, and sub-surface. By measuring a number of physical properties of the surface it is expected that the SSP will be able to constrain the inferred composition and structure of the moon's near-surface environment. Although the SSP is primarily designed to sense properties of the surface, some of its sensors will also make measurements of the atmosphere along the probe's entry path and will complement the data gathered by other experiments on the Huygens probe. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Hardware-Constrained Hybrid Coding of Video Imagery

The design, implementation, and performance of a video bandwidth compression system is described. In this system, compression is obtained by several methods including the use of DCT/DCPM hybrid coding, frame rate reduction, and resolution reduction. The overall compression ratio is up to 1000:1. The hardware-constrained design of the DCT and the DPCM is described and a new method is derived to solve the optimum integer bit-assignment problem associated with the block quantization process in the DPCM. Computer simulation results are presented which predict that the performance of the system using the derived optimal bit assignment method is superior to those obtained by other bit assignment methods. The real-time hybrid coding system design is optimized for a set of ?modified? average statistics to compress a wide variety of input video images. This approach eliminates the problem of nonzero dc mean value which could otherwise cause serious degradations in the system performance. The compression system is fully implemented and the quality of the reconstructed video as predicted by computer simulation has been demonstrated by the actual hardware performance. The PSNR of the reconstructed imagery is in excess of 36 dB at 2 bits per pixel.     

A coarse/fine search PN code acquisition scheme

A parallel two-stage acquisition technique is described for direct sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS) range finding applications. The technique offers hardware complexity that scales better with code length than matched filter correlators while providing better performance than sequential detection using comparable hardware     

Calculation of resonance current in high-frequency series-resonanceDC-DC converters

A method to calculate the resonance current in high-frequency series-resonant DC-DC converters is presented that includes the effect of the reverse-bias capacitance of output rectifiers and that of the primary inductance of the output transformer. A computer program developed as a tool to determine the amplitude of the resonance current for any given input and output conditions is also discussed. The results of the computer calculations agree well with experimental measurements     

具有两个测量控制面的适应壁风洞理论与实验

本文研究了具有两个测量控制面的适应壁风洞。在超临界马赫条件下,做了二维NACA-0012翼型实验。在近洞壁处的两个控制面上测取了静压。基于上述测量,叙述了在适应壁风洞中得到无干扰流场的迭代方法。给出了为外场计算这两个控制面上静压的函数关系。评述了所选取迭代方法的收敛性。得到了一步收敛公式,并且在数字模拟风洞中得到证实。结果指出,应用一步迭代公式,所选取的迭代方法可以加速使流场收敛到无界条件。     

A Discussion of Digital Processing in Synthetic Aperture Radar

This is a summary paper describing the processing of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data using digital correlation algorithms. Fundamental SAR theory as it applies to the various SAR modes, namely, strip mapping, spotlight mapping, and Doppler beam sharpened mapping, is described and a baseline design applicable to all SAR modes is presented. Digital processor design is developed, starting with a simple single filter mechanization and proceeding through more complex processing algorithms. Prefilter design is discussed, as is the more advanced processing algorithms, namely, multiple parallel prefilters, two-stage correlation, and FFT processing. The primary processor tradeoff is increased functional complexity versus reduced arithmetic and memory requirements. For high-resolution applications, the arithmetic requirements can be reduced by an order of magnitude or more by implementing the more advanced processing algorithms.     

Random hysteresis PWM inverter with robust spectrum shaping

A hysteresis current-controlled pulsewidth modulation (PWM) scheme is simple and robust in switching control, but it is subject to not constant switching frequency. However, since its harmonic spectrum is not randomly distributed like those yielded by the random PWM (RPWM) scheme, the annoying harmonic effects still exist. A random switching control strategy is proposed here to let the harmonic spectrum of the hysteresis current-controlled PWM inverter be randomly distributed. First, the effect of varying band on the harmonic distribution characteristic of a hysteresis current-controlled PWM scheme is analyzed. Then a random hysteresis PWM scheme and its quantitative design procedure are proposed. Finally, a robust spectrum shaping technique is devised such that the desired harmonic distribution pattern can be achieved. In the resulting frequency spectrum, the magnitudes of lower frequency harmonics are shaped and reduced. Hence the inverter output with a better harmonic attribute is obtained. Validity of the proposed random hysteresis PWM scheme is verified by some simulated and measured results     

Proton phase space densities (0.5eV<Ep<5MeV) at midlatitudes from Ulysses SWICS/HI-SCALE measurements

Proton phase space densities in the solar wind frame from suprathermal velocities 10 km s^–1 to 30,000 km s^–1 (0.5 eV–5 MeV) were derived from combined SWICS and HISCALE measurements when Ulysses was at 5 AU and –24° heliolatitude. The period (19–23 January 1993) encompasses a forward/reverse shock pair (20 January, 0500 UT and 22 January, 0300 UT). Strong evidence is found for shock acceleration of pickup protons from interstellar hydrogen at all energies measured.