2000年及其以后的GPS

一、引言 GPS是一个军用导航定位系统,象所有无线电导航系统一样,也可供民间各部门使用。该系统刚完成了从研制阶段到实用阶段的过渡。为了预测2000年后GPS将会如何,必须首先确定90年代进入全面工作状态,经成熟之后该系统是什么样?该系统建成投入工作之后,会有一些外界因素要求它作某些改变。下面我们主要从GPS的民用角度来研究一下这些可能的改变。影响GPS改变的外界因素至少来4个方面:GPS的军方要求、钱、技术进展和用户要求。这些外界因素可能引起GPS的民用计划和政策发生变化。这些外界因素和/或新政策、新计划将会影响GPS的硬件和软件。除了系统和政策的改变,若干GPS新的应用将会出现,GPS在各种运载体上的安装和组合也会出现新的方法。     

“赫尔墨斯”推进系统设计

“赫尔墨斯”航天飞机是一种载人的、可重复使用的飞行器.它要用新的“阿里安”5发射到低地球圆形轨道和极轨道.当“赫尔墨斯”脱离“阿里安”5后,即机动飞行到其所要求的工作轨道上.讨论了两种入轨的推进概念:组合式可重复使用系统和分离式一次性使用系统.重点研究组合式系统.但也分析了一次性使用系统对本研究结果的影响.讨论了推进系统的基本流程图的设计步骤,并提出几种导致选择基本推进系统流程图的比较方案.示出了改变外形的最新“赫尔墨斯”对流程图的影响.     

高压涡轮工作叶片叶型设计研究

针对高压涡轮工作叶片叶栅型面特征,采用可压燃气黏性流2维计算方法对高压涡轮工作叶片叶型进行了气动研究,并通过试验验证了优化设计,得到了叶栅气动设计参数。经与初始叶型对比,优化叶型在各状态下损失特性变化更为平缓,在超临界状态下效率更高,在λ2is=1.20状态下的损失减少了2.8%。该方法缩短了设计时间,并且节省了平面叶栅吹风试验的成本。     

330分钟双发延程飞行的维护策略

延长ETOPS时间可能意味着维修策略的改变。2011年12月,新西兰航空公司的一架波音777-300ER飞机顺利完成了洛杉矶-奥克兰的直飞,这是该航空公司首次实施240分钟双发延程飞行(ETOPS)。但240分钟并不是ETOPS的极限,目前330分钟正成为     

苏联第一代洲际弹道导弹的终结

13日开始研制的P-16洲际导弹（SS-7）的第一次试验发射。当时,技术人员正在发射塔架上有条不紊地进行着发射前通常的准备工作,导弹燃料加注后没有迹象显示有任何不寻常之处。     

Raman spectroscopic analysis of a desert cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. in response to UVB radiation

Cyanobacteria are capable of tolerating environmental extremes. To survive in extreme environments, cyanobacteria have developed the capability to adapt to a variety of stresses. For example, cyanobacteria have adopted a number of strategies with which to survive UV stress, including expression of UV-screening pigments and antioxidant systems. We have previously shown that several antioxidants are significantly expressed in Nostoc sp. by UVB irradiation. We report here that the content of UV-responsive biomarkers such as β-carotene and scytonemin can be easily detected by Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy with use of a small sample size and that the content of β-carotene is dependant on the UVB intensity and exposure time. Our results indicate that Raman spectroscopy may be a helpful tool to analyze UV-protective molecules of cyanobacterium in astrobiological studies without access to large sample sizes and complicated extractions, which are needed by other analytical techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.     

重力跳动对多相流体系统的影响

研究了重力跳动对液桥表面及内部流体流动的影响, 以期明确重力跳动对多相流体系统的作用效果. 理论研究表明, 当重力跳动作用于液桥时, 液桥反响频率的大小取决于液桥尺寸和物性参数; 实验研究显示重力跳动引入的液桥表面振动、液桥内部流动与温度振动之间存在着三角耦合关系; 数值模拟结果揭示了重力跳动作用于液桥时液桥内部流体的流动结构. 另外, 对理论、实验与数值模拟结果进行了对比验证, 得到了吻合一致的结果.      

The PROCESS experiment: amino and carboxylic acids under Mars-like surface UV radiation conditions in low-earth orbit

The search for organic molecules at the surface of Mars is a top priority of the next Mars exploration space missions: Mars Science Laboratory (NASA) and ExoMars (ESA). The detection of organic matter could provide information about the presence of a prebiotic chemistry or even biological activity on this planet. Therefore, a key step in interpretation of future data collected by these missions is to understand the preservation of organic matter in the martian environment. Several laboratory experiments have been devoted to quantifying and qualifying the evolution of organic molecules under simulated environmental conditions of Mars. However, these laboratory simulations are limited, and one major constraint is the reproduction of the UV spectrum that reaches the surface of Mars. As part of the PROCESS experiment of the European EXPOSE-E mission on board the International Space Station, a study was performed on the photodegradation of organics under filtered extraterrestrial solar electromagnetic radiation that mimics Mars-like surface UV radiation conditions. Glycine, serine, phthalic acid, phthalic acid in the presence of a mineral phase, and mellitic acid were exposed to these conditions for 1.5 years, and their evolution was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy after their retrieval. The results were compared with data from laboratory experiments. A 1.5-year exposure to Mars-like surface UV radiation conditions in space resulted in complete degradation of the organic compounds. Half-lives between 50 and 150?h for martian surface conditions were calculated from both laboratory and low-Earth orbit experiments. The results highlight that none of those organics are stable under low-Earth orbit solar UV radiation conditions.