一种适用于航空发电机系统的闭环I/f控制方法

航空发动机起动发电系统要求在热机与冷机情况不同负载转矩未知且突变明显时都能够可靠起动,且要求起动时间尽可能短。传统的永磁同步电机开环I/f控制方法存在转速调节时间长、电流利用率低、给定电流与负载转矩不匹配时易发生失步现象等问题,因此并不适用于航空发动机起动发电系统。针对此问题,提出了一种基于瞬时功率检测的改进闭环I/f控制策略,通过检测瞬时有功功率的扰动量对给定电流矢量的角速度进行补偿,增加系统阻尼转矩分量,加快转速收敛;通过检测瞬时无功功率调节电流矢量幅值,使电机工作在最大转矩/电流比状态,适应负载转矩的突变。同时建立了基于小信号的线性化模型,对传统开环I/f与改进闭环I/f控制方法的稳定性及鲁棒性进行了分析,选取了合适的阻尼补偿系数。最后通过仿真及试验验证了改进闭环I/f起动控制方法可以减小升速阶段转速波动约±60 r/min,减小转速达到稳定的收敛时间约0.3 s,提高电流利用率约20%,且能够适应航空发动机起动发电系统中未知且突变的负载转矩,及时对给定电流进行调整,不再会出现失步现象,实现可靠起动,可以有效地应用在航空发动机起动发电系统中。     

孔、轮廓和表面(八)

第六章座标镗床的原理及应用(一) 座标镗床的一个重要特点在于能够直接而又迅速地获得最高定位精度。加上它用途广、切削效率高,故座标镗床在机械工业各部门的应用迅速扩大,从模具制造到产品生产线,从实验室到检验部门均已有采用。正因为座标镗床的用途如此广泛,因此强调机床的多种加工功能则是理所当然的了。为了更好地评价座标镗床的实用价值,我们对具     

孔、轮廓和表面(五) 第四章 工程定位设备的准则(一)

第四章工程定位设备的准则(一) 在第二章中,叙述了按模具工人法进行定位、加工与检验的程序,接着又谈了工程定位的方法,但是二者在概念上却有很大的差别。现在对孔的精密定位、精确加工和简捷检验,可以作为一道工序中的若干连续工步来进行,这比分成若干个单独工序来干要好。     

吉尔南再入测量站在美国战略武器试验中的作用

吉尔南再入测量站(KREMS)是一个雷达测量站,位于马绍尔群岛中夸贾林珊瑚礁的罗伊—纳慕岛。该站是夸贾林导弹靶场的一部份,为各种导弹试验和空间跟踪任务收集雷达测量数据。这些数据可供各有关部门用来鉴定弹道导弹再入系统、防御系统以及美国和外国的卫星系统。本文对吉尔南再入测量站、测量能力及其在弹道导弹试验和空间跟踪活动中的作用等方面做了介绍。     

自动液氮加注系统

大量的光谱学的实验和其它物理测量必须在持续一段时间的液氮温度中进行。从最简单的杜瓦瓶到精心制做的自动冷却剂流体     

低燃速的端羧基聚丁二烯丙烯腈(CTBN)推进剂

对端羧基聚丁二烯丙烯睛(CTBN)液体共聚物为粘合剂的极低燃速的复合固定推进剂进行了论证。本计划的目的是,研制一种用于燃气发生器的(StarterCartridge)、压力在70公斤/厘米~2(100磅/英寸~2)下,燃速指标为1.78毫米/秒(0.070英寸/秒)的推进剂。选择了双环氧交链系统的低丙烯睛 CTBN 粘合剂,因为它的老化性能和工艺性能较之一般的粘合剂材料优越。在改进的 MK6气体发生器装置中,用浇注单孔圆柱形的、端面包复和外圆柱面包复的推进剂药柱进行弹道性能评定。用50%双级配的过氯酸胺、30%CTBN 粘合剂和20%装填密度高的硝基胍组成的推进剂配方成功地满足了设计要求,在要求的压力与温度25℃(77°F)下,达到了1.70毫米/秒(0.067英寸/秒)的燃速指标。当压力在35公斤/厘米~2(500磅/英寸~2)到70公斤/厘米~2(1000磅/英寸~2)范围内,温度在-54℃和74℃之间时,所测得的温度敏感系数π=0.36%/℃(0.20%/°F)。通过初步的力学性能和物理性能试验表明,此种类型的药柱设计在工作条件下,是合格的。因此,这种推进剂用于各种低燃速的场合似乎是有吸引力的。     

冲压发动机试验和模拟技术

模拟冲压发动机工作状态的流动条件需要独特的地面试验能力、暂冲式吹风试车台是一个经济设备,它能满足高流量和高压力比的要求。污染空气加热器提供了一种灵活而廉价的模拟弹道温度变化的有效方法。自由射流试验中,适当地模拟进口流动条件对发动机研制起着很重要的作用。本文讨论了冲压发动机地面试验要求,评论了直联式与自由射流的试验中模拟可用参数的方法,描述了满足气动模拟要求的技术与设备,并已证实是有效的。     

俄罗斯专用军用飞机的发展

截击机是主要用来远距拦截来袭的敌机和其它空袭兵器的飞机.它是战斗机的一种.其主要特点是:加速性能和爬升速度快,作战半径大,全天候性能好.60年代以前,各国都比较重视对截击机的发展,美国的F-106和原苏联的苏-9、苏-15等都是典型的截击     

新的角逐——21世纪战斗机综合评述(上)

到21世纪初,国外的主力战斗机主要是:以美国F-22为代表的第四代战斗机,西欧的“三代半”战斗机以及现役第三代战斗机的改型机.上述飞机,本刊曾逐一进行过介绍,本文将对其作一综合的简析和评价.     

M stars as targets for terrestrial exoplanet searches and biosignature detection

The changing view of planets orbiting low mass stars, M stars, as potentially hospitable worlds for life and its remote detection was motivated by several factors, including the demonstration of viable atmospheres and oceans on tidally locked planets, normal incidence of dust disks, including debris disks, detection of planets with masses in the 5-20 M() range, and predictions of unusually strong spectral biosignatures. We present a critical discussion of M star properties that are relevant for the long- and short-term thermal, dynamical, geological, and environmental stability of conventional liquid water habitable zone (HZ) M star planets, and the advantages and disadvantages of M stars as targets in searches for terrestrial HZ planets using various detection techniques. Biological viability seems supported by unmatched very long-term stability conferred by tidal locking, small HZ size, an apparent short-fall of gas giant planet perturbers, immunity to large astrosphere compressions, and several other factors, assuming incidence and evolutionary rate of life benefit from lack of variability. Tectonic regulation of climate and dynamo generation of a protective magnetic field, especially for a planet in synchronous rotation, are important unresolved questions that must await improved geodynamic models, though they both probably impose constraints on the planet mass. M star HZ terrestrial planets must survive a number of early trials in order to enjoy their many Gyr of stability. Their formation may be jeopardized by an insufficient initial disk supply of solids, resulting in the formation of objects too small and/or dry for habitability. The small empirical gas giant fraction for M stars reduces the risk of formation suppression or orbit disruption from either migrating or nonmigrating giant planets, but effects of perturbations from lower mass planets in these systems are uncertain. During the first approximately 1 Gyr, atmospheric retention is at peril because of intense and frequent stellar flares and sporadic energetic particle events, and impact erosion, both enhanced, the former dramatically, for M star HZ semimajor axes. Loss of atmosphere by interactions with energetic particles is likely unless the planetary magnetic moment is sufficiently large. For the smallest stellar masses a period of high planetary surface temperature, while the parent star approaches the main sequence, must be endured. The formation and retention of a thick atmosphere and a strong magnetic field as buffers for a sufficiently massive planet emerge as prerequisites for an M star planet to enter a long period of stability with its habitability intact. However, the star will then be subjected to short-term fluctuations with consequences including frequent unpredictable variation in atmospheric chemistry and surficial radiation field. After a review of evidence concerning disks and planets associated with M stars, we evaluate M stars as targets for future HZ planet search programs. Strong advantages of M stars for most approaches to HZ detection are offset by their faintness, leading to severe constraints due to accessible sample size, stellar crowding (transits), or angular size of the HZ (direct imaging). Gravitational lensing is unlikely to detect HZ M star planets because the HZ size decreases with mass faster than the Einstein ring size to which the method is sensitive. M star Earth-twin planets are predicted to exhibit surprisingly strong bands of nitrous oxide, methyl chloride, and methane, and work on signatures for other climate categories is summarized. The rest of the paper is devoted to an examination of evidence and implications of the unusual radiation and particle environments for atmospheric chemistry and surface radiation doses, and is summarized in the Synopsis. We conclude that attempts at remote sensing of biosignatures and nonbiological markers from M star planets are important, not as tests of any quantitative theories or rational arguments, but instead because they offer an inspection of the residues from a Gyr-long biochemistry experiment in the presence of extreme environmental fluctuations. A detection or repeated nondetections could provide a unique opportunity to partially answer a fundamental and recurrent question about the relation between stability and complexity, one that is not addressed by remote detection from a planet orbiting a solar-like star, and can only be studied on Earth using restricted microbial systems in serial evolution experiments or in artificial life simulations. This proposal requires a planet that has retained its atmosphere and a water supply. The discussion given here suggests that observations of M star exoplanets can decide this latter question with only slight modifications to plans already in place for direct imaging terrestrial exoplanet missions.