集储备件和动态重构

概述了于１９９１年和１９９２年由得州仪表公司执行的海军动态重构演示系统计划的第一阶段成果。该计划的目的是通过研究与演示证明集储备件对下一代武器系统的可行性。     

装有重新设计燃料泵的YLR87-AJ-5火箭发动机涡轮泵瞬态试验及有关推进设备

试验目的已经达到了。两次试验是以抽吸侧脉动情况下作的,另一次试验是在排泄侧脉动情况下作的。重新设计燃料泵瞬态试验结果与产品燃料泵试验结果作了比较。从分析大力神Ⅱ纵向振动有关参数和减少纵向振动角度来看,比较起来,重新设计的泵显示出此产品泵有更显著的优越性。分析采用重新设计燃料泵对总系统的影响时,必须联系氧化剂系统。     

孔、轮廓和表面(十二) 第八章 座标磨削的原理和应用(一)

座标镗床,用于未淬火材料的孔加工是胜任、有效的,但对淬火材料的加工,却无能为力,这是一个急待解决的关键问题。鉴于需要一种能按尺寸进行精密定位和磨孔的手段,摩尔于1940年首先发明了座标磨床。座标磨床是利用座标镗床已有的直线位置控制原理,再加上行星磨削而形成的。由此引     

孔、轮廓和表面(四) 第三章 精度的基础(二)

丝杠或测微螺旋标准——人们希求有一种长度标准,既能用于无级微小增量分度,又能用于测量和位置控制。采用精密螺旋,是这种探索的自然结果。因为只有精密螺旋能够全部满足这种要求。它兼有静态和动态两种测量效     

用磁带机进行随机振动均衡的技术

1.引言在研究结构动力特性和其他物理性质时,人们发现各种振源在时间上是随机的,因此其效果不能用正弦激振来恰当地模拟。最近几年,人们对用以确定结构对随机振动的响应的试验仪器和方法进行了大量研究。这种研究特别困难,因为随机过程的性质很复杂,需要用比较精密的仪器来产生和分析随机振动。最大的困难在于需要对电磁激振器一试件系     

视觉模拟的新途径

视觉模拟,特别是飞机起飞和着陆的关键动作的模拟,长期以来就存在要求逼真度的问题,而且随着在低能见度的极端条件下操作的新要求而极大地增长。在实际飞机上进行训练以适应这些条件不仅困难而危险,而且训练问题还受这样情况的影响,即飞机的飞行任务必须等待既出现所希望的气候条件,同时空域又正好是可用的那种综合情况。飞机训练中人员的危险和钱财的耗费随着更复杂的兵器设备,新一代的大型喷气运输机,以及不久将来采用的超音速运输机的出现也极大地增加。模拟工业许多年来一直在为视觉问题而奋斗,同时由于大型数字计算机的应用,地面模拟器的其它方面已达到惊人的逼真性。实际结果是感觉信号模拟逼真度显著地落后于仪表飞行模拟。本文叙述模拟工业所采取的用以解决这个问题,并提供必要的训练价值的各种途径,。由于理想的系统并不存在,文中叙述了各种途径的限制,并详细地叙述了必须采取的折衷办法。这个问题的一个新途径是利用有限空中走廊模拟的基本特点,实行有限自由度飞行动作的折衷办法,提供优良的图象质量。这种方法应用电影胶片作为数据库,仔细地避免了现代电视质量较低的问题,这样做法,看来为供给训练中最关键的飞行动作部分的一切必需的感觉信号提供唯一的可能性。     

Communicating bioastronautics research to students, families and the nation

The National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) is supporting the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) education mission through a comprehensive Education and Public Outreach Program (EPOP) that communicates the excitement and significance of space biology to schools, families, and lay audiences. The EPOP is comprised of eight academic institutions: Baylor College of Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Rice University, and the University of Washington. This paper describes the programs and products created by the EPOP to promote space life science education in schools and among the general public. To date, these activities have reached thousands of teachers and students around the US and have been rated very highly.     

Lichens survive in space: results from the 2005 LICHENS experiment

This experiment was aimed at establishing, for the first time, the survival capability of lichens exposed to space conditions. In particular, the damaging effect of various wavelengths of extraterrestrial solar UV radiation was studied. The lichens used were the bipolar species Rhizocarpon geographicum and Xanthoria elegans, which were collected above 2000 m in the mountains of central Spain and as endolithic communities inhabiting granites in the Antarctic Dry Valleys. Lichens were exposed to space in the BIOPAN-5 facility of the European Space Agency; BIOPAN-5 is located on the outer shell of the Earth-orbiting FOTON-M2 Russian satellite. The lichen samples were launched from Baikonur by a Soyuz rocket on May 31, 2005, and were returned to Earth after 16 days in space, at which time they were tested for survival. Chlorophyll fluorescence was used for the measurement of photosynthetic parameters. Scanning electron microscopy in back-scattered mode, low temperature scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the organization and composition of both symbionts. Confocal laser scanning microscopy, in combination with the use of specific fluorescent probes, allowed for the assessment of the physiological state of the cells. All exposed lichens, regardless of the optical filters used, showed nearly the same photosynthetic activity after the flight as measured before the flight. Likewise, the multimicroscopy approach revealed no detectable ultrastructural changes in most of the algal and fungal cells of the lichen thalli, though a greater proportion of cells in the flight samples had compromised membranes, as revealed by the LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit. These findings indicate that most lichenized fungal and algal cells can survive in space after full exposure to massive UV and cosmic radiation, conditions proven to be lethal to bacteria and other microorganisms. The lichen upper cortex seems to provide adequate protection against solar radiation. Moreover, after extreme dehydration induced by high vacuum, the lichens proved to be able to recover, in full, their metabolic activity within 24 hours.     

How rare is complex life in the Milky Way?

An integrated Earth system model was applied to calculate the number of habitable Earth-analog planets that are likely to have developed primitive (unicellular) and complex (multicellular) life in extrasolar planetary systems. The model is based on the global carbon cycle mediated by life and driven by increasing stellar luminosity and plate tectonics. We assumed that the hypothetical primitive and complex life forms differed in their temperature limits and CO(2) tolerances. Though complex life would be more vulnerable to environmental stress, its presence would amplify weathering processes on a terrestrial planet. The model allowed us to calculate the average number of Earth-analog planets that may harbor such life by using the formation rate of Earth-like planets in the Milky Way as well as the size of a habitable zone that could support primitive and complex life forms. The number of planets predicted to bear complex life was found to be approximately 2 orders of magnitude lower than the number predicted for primitive life forms. Our model predicted a maximum abundance of such planets around 1.8 Ga ago and allowed us to calculate the average distance between potentially habitable planets in the Milky Way. If the model predictions are accurate, the future missions DARWIN (up to a probability of 65%) and TPF (up to 20%) are likely to detect at least one planet with a biosphere composed of complex life.     

CCD互相关粒子图像测速及其在对抗流流场测量中的应用

在常规自相关粒子图像测速（ＰＩＶ）系统的基础上,发展了一个采用ＣＣＤ像机的互相关粒子图像测速系统。用这一新系统测量了对抗流流场的结果表明,这一技术克服了自相关粒子图像测速技术在测量具有滞止点的流场中的困难。实验说明,与自相关粒子图像测速技术相比,这一技术更快捷有效。