超声疲劳试样设计

介绍了超声疲劳试样的设计计算方法,给出了谐振状态下不同形式、尺寸试样中沿其谐振长度方向的位移、应力分布。结果表明:狗骨形试样中,中间等截面段尺寸对试样中应力的大小、分布影响很大。分析狗骨形试样应力放大系数表明,应力放大系数随着试样中间等截面段直径的减少会有显著增加,随着试样中间段长度的增加,应力放大系数也相应降低。     

DAIS航空电子软件研制技术

软件研制技术的主要目的是产生正确的工作软件.把本文提供的技术应用于一个完整的软件工程研制计划时,可降低产品的价格和寿命期费用,同时保持了高可靠性。空军 DAIS 计划担负着降低军用航空电子系统的研制、维护和寿命期费用的任务.DAIS 系统提供了一种硬件配置,该配置便于硬件维修、更换和增长.高级软件(HOS)提供一种产生高可靠性软件的方法,此软件是建立在一种高级的设计和开发基础上的.HOS 原理应用于 DAIS 系统,产生了标准的航空电子软件设计和管理方法,该设计方法建立了一个与 DAIS 目标相一致的软件结构标准;该管理方法提供了一种严格受控的、安排很好的软件开发过程,该过程受配置管理方案、开发和验证方法及自动生成文件支持。这里没有给出另一些软件费用因素是:软件的获得过程、人力的安排和组织、航空电子系统方案和支援软件的可移植性。这些费用因素是重要的,因为处理得不合理时,有时会发挥不出好的开发技术的益处。本文假定这些因素不影响 DAIS 航空电子软件所使用的技术。     

Conversations: with Carl Pilcher [interview by Johan Benson

An interview with Carl Pilcher, science program director for solar system exploration at NASA, examines NASA's past, present, and planned missions to explore the solar system. Specific questions relate to the status of current and planned missions, science results of the Pathfinder mission to Mars, cooperation with the Japanese space agency, the status of the search for extraterrestrial life in solar system meteoroids and asteroids, mission size for more in-depth exploration, reports of water on the moon, and the exploration of near-Earth objects.     

未来的小型机动式GPS靶场测量设备

技术的迅速发展将有可能研制出一种小型的靶场跟踪和遥测系统。这种系统将装在拖车上,能够跟踪3个飞行器并显示其空间位置及遥测数据。     

选用最佳遥测跟踪天线接收转发的GPS信号

本文给出了对三种波束扫瞄原理相差甚远的遥测跟踪天线进行测量所得的性能数据。在S波段测量了天线馈源引起的相位噪声,并做了比较。     

Coronal mass ejection (CME) activity of low mass M stars as an important factor for the habitability of terrestrial exoplanets. I. CME impact on expected magnetospheres of Earth-like exoplanets in close-in habitable zones

Low mass M- and K-type stars are much more numerous in the solar neighborhood than solar-like G-type stars. Therefore, some of them may appear as interesting candidates for the target star lists of terrestrial exoplanet (i.e., planets with mass, radius, and internal parameters identical to Earth) search programs like Darwin (ESA) or the Terrestrial Planet Finder Coronagraph/Inferometer (NASA). The higher level of stellar activity of low mass M stars, as compared to solar-like G stars, as well as the closer orbital distances of their habitable zones (HZs), means that terrestrial-type exoplanets within HZs of these stars are more influenced by stellar activity than one would expect for a planet in an HZ of a solar-like star. Here we examine the influences of stellar coronal mass ejection (CME) activity on planetary environments and the role CMEs may play in the definition of habitability criterion for the terrestrial type exoplanets near M stars. We pay attention to the fact that exoplanets within HZs that are in close proximity to low mass M stars may become tidally locked, which, in turn, can result in relatively weak intrinsic planetary magnetic moments. Taking into account existing observational data and models that involve the Sun and related hypothetical parameters of extrasolar CMEs (density, velocity, size, and occurrence rate), we show that Earth-like exoplanets within close-in HZs should experience a continuous CME exposure over long periods of time. This fact, together with small magnetic moments of tidally locked exoplanets, may result in little or no magnetospheric protection of planetary atmospheres from a dense flow of CME plasma. Magnetospheric standoff distances of weakly magnetized Earth-like exoplanets at orbital distances 相似文献   

Chiral symmetry breaking and complete chiral purity by thermodynamic-kinetic feedback near equilibrium: implications for the origin of biochirality

Chiral symmetry breaking occurs when a physical or chemical process spontaneously generates a large excess of one of the two enantiomers--left-handed (L) or right-handed (D)--with no preference as to which of the two enantiomers is produced. From the viewpoint of energy, these two enantiomers can exist with an equal probability, and inorganic processes that involve chiral products commonly yield a racemic mixture of both. The fact that biologically relevant molecules exist only as one of the two enantiomers is a fascinating example of complete symmetry breaking in chirality and has long intrigued the science community. The origin of this selective chirality has remained a fundamental enigma with regard to the origin of life since the time of Pasteur, some 140 years ago. Here, it is shown that two populations of chiral crystals of left and right hand cannot coexist in solution: one of the chiral populations disappears in an irreversible autocatalytic process that nurtures the other one. Final and complete chiral purity seems to be an inexorable fate in the course of the common process of growth-dissolution. This unexpected chiral symmetry breaking can be explained by the feedback between the thermodynamic control of dissolution and the kinetics of the growth process near equilibrium. This "thermodynamic-kinetic feedback near equilibrium" is established as a mechanism to achieve complete chiral purity in solid state from a previously solid racemic medium. The way in which this mechanism could operate in solutions of chiral biomolecules is described. Finally, based on this mechanism, experiments designed to search for chiral purity in a new way are proposed: chiral purity of amino acids or biopolymers is predicted in solid phase from a previously solid racemic medium. This process may have played a key role in the origin of biochirality.     

Mission to Mars using integrated propulsion concepts: considerations, opportunities, and strategies

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of a mission to Mars using the Integrated Propulsion Systems (IPS) which means to couple Nuclear-MPD-ISPU propulsion systems. In particular both mission analysis and propulsion aspects are analyzed together with technological aspects. Identifying possible mission scenarios will lead to the study of possible strategies for Mars Exploration and also of methods for reducing cost. As regard to IPS, the coupling between Nuclear Propulsion (Rubbia's engine) and Superconductive MPD propulsion is considered for the Earth-Mars trajectories: major emphasis is given to the advantages of such a system. The In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) concerns on-Mars operations; In Situ Propellant Utilization (ISPU) is foreseen particularly for LOX-CH4 engines for Mars Ascent Vehicles and this possibility is analyzed from a technological point of view. Tether Systems are also considered during interplanetary trajectories and as space elevators on Mars orbit. Finally strategic considerations associated to this mission are considered also.     

高效率负反馈交流稳压器

采用负反馈方式达到高效率的交流稳压器已经实现。这种设备用在交流电源上具有优良的调整率和相当大的输出功率。如采用一特殊电路,更容易使实际效率高达95%,而电压调整率达到0.02%。这种典型的交流稳压器已制出,如图8所示,当输入的电源电压Vin在115伏到140伏(有效值)之间变化时,在137欧的负载电阻上,输出50赫兹111伏(有效值)的交流电压,其输出功率为90瓦。当输入的电源电压在下限时,稳压器的总效率为96.5%;当输入的电源电压在上限时,稳压器的总效率下降到79.3%,平均效率为88%。输入电压波动25伏时,输出电压仅变化0.1伏(有效值),所以得到的调整率为0.4%。这种线路除了作为稳压器用在电视机、电冰箱和小电机等设备上外,还可作为一种控制部件用在其他许多设备上,如调温器、调速器等。     

孔、轮廓和表面(九) 第六章 座标镗床的原理和应用(二)

检验座标镗床在检验方面的潜在功能至今仍只偶尔被承认,然而只要回顾一下座标镗床的结构特点就会看出,这种机床具有高精度万能测量机所必备的一切元件。因此,很显然,能使它进行精确定位的能力也能使它进行精确的测量和检验。座标镗床用于检验,有下列两种情况。