协助监视任务控制中心软件状态的一种专家系统的开发

这种专家系统的功能是协助监视航天指控中心(MCC)的软件状态。目前,这项工作是由打印机操作手完成的,他密切注视联机打印机,打印机会打印出各种状态和差错信息,他把某些信息报告给指控中心的各位操作手,首先是计算机管理人员。这种专家系统能分辨哪些状态信息很重要、它们意味着什么,它们对准更重要,并能报告相应的状态信息。     

欧空局开始最长时间的载人飞行

欧空局（ＥＳＡ）的航天员托马斯·赖特尔（德国人）于今年９月３日与俄罗斯航天员谢尔盖Ｖ．阿弗杰耶夫和尤里Ｐ．希什科一起乘俄罗斯联盟ＴＭ－２２飞船从拜科努尔发射场升空，飞船于９月５日与和平号空间站前对接口对接。赖特尔准备在和平号空间站进行１３５天的飞行。两名俄罗斯航天员替换了今年７月初由阿特兰蒂斯号航天飞机送上和平号上的阿纳托利·索洛维耶夫和尼戈拉依·布达林，后者已于９月１１日乘联盟ＴＭ－２１飞船返回地面。只有原苏联和俄罗斯航天员的空间飞行时间超过赖特尔预定的４～５个月的飞行。他将打破由非俄罗斯航天…     

降低通向空间的费用——在今后25年内,一次性运载火箭将使通向空间的费用降低25%～50%

休斯电子公司副总经理斯梯夫·道弗曼最近呼吁，在今后几年内使卫星发射费用降低４０％。阿里安航天公司也考虑以同样的要求对其火箭进行改进，该公司计划发一定单，要求第二批阿里安－５火箭的平均价格比第一批阿里安－５火箭（Ｐ１）低４０％。在美国，未来的“改进型一...     

惯性顶级固体发动机的研制现状

惯性顶级(IUS)全尺寸发动机研制计划包括三级发动机的设计、研制和飞行鉴定。这些发动机按不同方法组合起来,可以用来满足给定的有效载荷的能量要求。推进系统的设计已经完成,当前的主要精力集中在完成鉴定阶段前的研制阶段试验上。到目前为止,所有的静止试车都是成功的。本文首先介绍一下惯性顶级飞行器,接着描述每级固体发动机的设计特点,最后总结了迄今为止所作的发动机各部件和整机的试验结果。在必要的地方,文中深入地分析了每项试验中哪些方面是重要的,为什么重要,以及怎样满足了惯性顶级的这些要求。     

Ethological analysis of a polar team in the French Antarctic station Dumont d'Urville as simulation of space teams for future interplanetary missions

This new ethological study focuses on the co-adaptation of the crew's spatial behavior to social isolation in a polar base thus simulating long-term living and working of a space team. The method consisted in drawing the subjects' position (n=13) on an observation map at the midday and evening meals at the Dumont d'Urville French station in Antarctica, daily during the summer campaigns and weekly during the winter-over of the TA46 mission. Quantitative data are presented in geocentric (positions), allocentric (distances) and egocentric (orientations) analyses with an emphasis on three adaptative periods (first 3 months, intermediary 2 months and last 3 months of isolation). Results show a large space occupancy during the first week after arrival and the last week before departure from the polar base, and a team-members' grouping during the winter-over. On the over-all time, the inter-individual distances increase. The social orientations are higher at the beginning than at the end of the mission. Discussion underlies the pertinent use of such ethological indicators collected from polar stations as predictors of well-being and optimal-working of the future orbital and planetary stations users.     

A culture-independent survey of the bacterial community in a radon hot spring

Paralana is an active, radon-containing hot spring situated in a region of South Australia's Flinders Ranges with a long history of hydrothermal activity. Our aim was to determine the bacterial composition of Paralana using a culture-independent, 16S rRNA-based technique. The presence of a diverse bacterial community was strongly suggested by the large number (approximately 180) of different ribotypes obtained upon analysis of nine hot spring samples. DNA sequencing of Paralana 16S rRNA genes corroborated this observation, identifying representatives of seven confirmed and two candidate divisions of the domain Bacteria. These included Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria (both beta and delta subdivisions), the Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides group, Low G + C Gram-positives, Nitrospira, green non-sulfur bacteria, green sulfur bacteria, OP8, and OP12. No known ionizing radiation-resistant Bacteria were identified. Only one Paralana 16S rRNA sequence type (recombinant B5D) was homologous to a sequence previously identified from a radioactive environment.     

固体推进剂裂缝弹道结构分析

本文采用一种计算机程序来预测燃烧时固体推进剂药柱裂缝内的弹道压力相互作用效应及压力引起的裂缝增长问题。本分析系统成功地将断裂力学有限元程序与弹道和裂缝燃烧计算程序结合起来,通过计算机程序,求出燃烧过程中每一时刻的变形和燃烧分布图。本法考虑了药柱表面和裂缝内侧面由燃烧引起的压力载荷,相应地提出了推进剂药柱因燃烧引起的断裂问题。本程序的设计区别了裂缝的燃完和裂缝的失控扩展。本程序业已改进,可用来处理由于点火器的变化和火焰传播效应引起的点火瞬变现象。     

Challenges of assuring crew safety in space shuttle missions with international cargoes

The top priority in America's manned space flight program is the assurance of crew and vehicle safety. This priority gained greater focus during and after the Space Shuttle return-to-flight mission (STS-26). One of the interesting challenges has been to assure crew safety and adequate protection of the Space Shuttle, as a national resource, from increasingly diverse cargoes and operations. The control of hazards associated with the deployment of complex payloads and cargoes has involved many international participants. These challenges are examined in some detail along with examples of how crew safety has evolved in the manned space program and how the international partners have addressed various scenarios involving control and mitigation of potential hazards to crew and vehicle safety.