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Cyanobacteria are capable of tolerating environmental extremes. To survive in extreme environments, cyanobacteria have developed the capability to adapt to a variety of stresses. For example, cyanobacteria have adopted a number of strategies with which to survive UV stress, including expression of UV-screening pigments and antioxidant systems. We have previously shown that several antioxidants are significantly expressed in Nostoc sp. by UVB irradiation. We report here that the content of UV-responsive biomarkers such as β-carotene and scytonemin can be easily detected by Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy with use of a small sample size and that the content of β-carotene is dependant on the UVB intensity and exposure time. Our results indicate that Raman spectroscopy may be a helpful tool to analyze UV-protective molecules of cyanobacterium in astrobiological studies without access to large sample sizes and complicated extractions, which are needed by other analytical techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. 相似文献
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Noblet A Stalport F Guan YY Poch O Coll P Szopa C Cloix M Macari F Raulin F Chaput D Cottin H 《Astrobiology》2012,12(5):436-444
The search for organic molecules at the surface of Mars is a top priority of the next Mars exploration space missions: Mars Science Laboratory (NASA) and ExoMars (ESA). The detection of organic matter could provide information about the presence of a prebiotic chemistry or even biological activity on this planet. Therefore, a key step in interpretation of future data collected by these missions is to understand the preservation of organic matter in the martian environment. Several laboratory experiments have been devoted to quantifying and qualifying the evolution of organic molecules under simulated environmental conditions of Mars. However, these laboratory simulations are limited, and one major constraint is the reproduction of the UV spectrum that reaches the surface of Mars. As part of the PROCESS experiment of the European EXPOSE-E mission on board the International Space Station, a study was performed on the photodegradation of organics under filtered extraterrestrial solar electromagnetic radiation that mimics Mars-like surface UV radiation conditions. Glycine, serine, phthalic acid, phthalic acid in the presence of a mineral phase, and mellitic acid were exposed to these conditions for 1.5 years, and their evolution was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy after their retrieval. The results were compared with data from laboratory experiments. A 1.5-year exposure to Mars-like surface UV radiation conditions in space resulted in complete degradation of the organic compounds. Half-lives between 50 and 150?h for martian surface conditions were calculated from both laboratory and low-Earth orbit experiments. The results highlight that none of those organics are stable under low-Earth orbit solar UV radiation conditions. 相似文献
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由于具有现代技术水平的全玻璃铷光谱灯中 GPS 星载原子钟真空环境条件下使用时明显失效,提出了研制一种寿命比玻璃灯大一个数量级的新型灯的计划。采用兰宝石和类兰宝石材料的实际经验证明,用这些材料制成的灯将满足这种要求。因此,已经研制出几个这种类型的灯。初步结果表明,它们的工作特性几乎在各个方面都很类似于玻璃灯,但有两个例外:首先,点火特性稍有不同。其次,由于臭氧的产生而伴随有明显的紫外线输出。这个问题已经通过将一层薄的吸收紫外线的涂层粘到灯的外边而被排除了。最后结论是,目前已经有可供利用的对这些灯进行一年加速寿命测试所必需的工艺技术。 相似文献
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ZHANG C SHEN C YANG Y Y DUNLOP M W TI S RUSSELL C T LüHR H BURCH J L LINDQVIST P A TORBERT R B FRIIS-CHRISTENSEN E 《空间科学学报》2019,39(1):9-17
A long-standing mystery in the study of Field-Aligned Currents (FACs) has been that:how the currents are generated and why they appear to be much stronger at high altitudes than in the ionosphere.Here we present two events of magnetotail FACs observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale Spacecraft (MMS) on 1st July and 14th July 2016,to show how the Substorm Current Wedges (SCW) were formed.The results show that particles were transferred heading towards the Earth during the expansion phase of substorms. The azimuthal flow formed clockwise (counter-clockwise) vortex-like motion,and then generated downward (upward) FACs on the tailward/poleward side of the distorted field with opposite vorticity on their Earthward/equatorward side.We also analyzed the Region 1 FACs observed by the Earth Explorer Swarm spacecraft on 1st July 2016 and found that they were associated with FACs observed by MMS,although differing by a factor of 10.This difference suggests that either there was the closure of the currents at altitudes above 500 km or the currents were not strictly parallel to B and closed at longitudes away from where they were generated. 相似文献
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三、地面物体的反射特性对地面分辨力的影响 1.太阳的照射特性在照相侦察中,作为光源的太阳,其自身放射能量有变动,离地球的距离也有变化,因而太阳光的特性多少也有些变动,但大致上可取一常数值,即0.135瓦/厘米~2,称为太阳常数。此外,在大气层外的太阳光谱分布图中,从珈玛射线到红外线占了大部分。 相似文献
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