窄体客机换发热议

在一年之前,民用发动机制造商还不能确定空客或波音公司是否会在2011—2012年之前为A320和波音737系列选择新一代发动机。但是今年,随着时间的推移,特别是国际运输飞机交易协会冬季年会的召开,换发趋势逐渐明朗。工业界有望在今年7月的范堡罗航展上首次得到两大飞机公司宣布更换发动机的确切消息。从目前情况来看,空客公司将在4月有所行动。     

Ethological analysis of a polar team in the French Antarctic station Dumont d'Urville as simulation of space teams for future interplanetary missions

This new ethological study focuses on the co-adaptation of the crew's spatial behavior to social isolation in a polar base thus simulating long-term living and working of a space team. The method consisted in drawing the subjects' position (n=13) on an observation map at the midday and evening meals at the Dumont d'Urville French station in Antarctica, daily during the summer campaigns and weekly during the winter-over of the TA46 mission. Quantitative data are presented in geocentric (positions), allocentric (distances) and egocentric (orientations) analyses with an emphasis on three adaptative periods (first 3 months, intermediary 2 months and last 3 months of isolation). Results show a large space occupancy during the first week after arrival and the last week before departure from the polar base, and a team-members' grouping during the winter-over. On the over-all time, the inter-individual distances increase. The social orientations are higher at the beginning than at the end of the mission. Discussion underlies the pertinent use of such ethological indicators collected from polar stations as predictors of well-being and optimal-working of the future orbital and planetary stations users.     

The Aouda.X space suit simulator and its applications to astrobiology

We have developed the space suit simulator Aouda.X, which is capable of reproducing the physical and sensory limitations a flight-worthy suit would have on Mars. Based upon a Hard-Upper-Torso design, it has an advanced human-machine interface and a sensory network connected to an On-Board Data Handling system to increase the situational awareness in the field. Although the suit simulator is not pressurized, the physical forces that lead to a reduced working envelope and physical performance are reproduced with a calibrated exoskeleton. This allows us to simulate various pressure regimes from 0.3-1 bar. Aouda.X has been tested in several laboratory and field settings, including sterile sampling at 2800 m altitude inside a glacial ice cave and a cryochamber at -110°C, and subsurface tests in connection with geophysical instrumentation relevant to astrobiology, including ground-penetrating radar, geoacoustics, and drilling. The communication subsystem allows for a direct interaction with remote science teams via telemetry from a mission control center. Aouda.X as such is a versatile experimental platform for studying Mars exploration activities in a high-fidelity Mars analog environment with a focus on astrobiology and operations research that has been optimized to reduce the amount of biological cross contamination. We report on the performance envelope of the Aouda.X system and its operational limitations.     

供测量高阻率材料电压、电流和电阻用的前置放大器

本文介绍一种供测量高阻率材料直流电压、电流和电阻用的前置放大器,其测量范围分别为:电压:30μv～10v;电流:10~(-2)～10~(-13)A;电阻:10~3～10~(13)Ω。若在反馈回路中接入适当的电容器还可测量电荷。本前置放大器采用市场上供应的运算放大器制成,其体积较小,并可与市场上大量供应的电压表或记录器联合使用,适用于无定形的(非晶体的)半导体薄膜电气性能的就地测量。     

固体推进剂裂缝弹道结构分析

本文采用一种计算机程序来预测燃烧时固体推进剂药柱裂缝内的弹道压力相互作用效应及压力引起的裂缝增长问题。本分析系统成功地将断裂力学有限元程序与弹道和裂缝燃烧计算程序结合起来,通过计算机程序,求出燃烧过程中每一时刻的变形和燃烧分布图。本法考虑了药柱表面和裂缝内侧面由燃烧引起的压力载荷,相应地提出了推进剂药柱因燃烧引起的断裂问题。本程序的设计区别了裂缝的燃完和裂缝的失控扩展。本程序业已改进,可用来处理由于点火器的变化和火焰传播效应引起的点火瞬变现象。     

多孔药柱燃气发生器的燃速变化和重现性

研完了多孔药柱燃气发生器的燃速变化特性。对几种装药量为0.5～150kg、有19～235个平行圆孔的药柱的设计进行了评价。主要讨论了多孔药柱与通常的中孔内部燃烧药柱燃速变化曲线的形状和大小的差别,不同的多孔药柱之间的差别,这些效应与弹道预测的关系,多孔药柱的压力一时间曲线重现性分析。分析采用了燃速和燃面的点火前及点火后的弹道性能评估,也考虑了侵蚀燃烧、侵蚀和沉积引起的喉面变化及特性速度变化的影响。从多孔药柱燃气发生器的点火后分析,推导出多孔药柱一般燃速变化曲线,使性能预测精度提高达3%。多孔药柱燃气发生器的性能重现性很好。高燃速发生器最大压力偏差小于3%,低燃速发生器最大压力偏差小于5%。