推力向量控制技术的论证

大西洋研究公司(ARC)与法国欧洲推进公司(SEP)共同进行先进向量控制方案的设计和论证试验。方案之一是超声速分离线喷管,该推力向量控制试验系由曾在标准(轴向)试车台进行过试验的基本型弹道发动机在ARC的多分力试车台上完成的。超声速分离线喷管是在60年代研制的一种很有希望的方案,由于受当时材料的限制而放弃了;随着喷管材料的新发展,证明该方案有进一步开发的必要,因为它可提供较大的偏转角。SEP制造的一种先进的轻型耐高温复合材料NOVEL-TEX,已被选用为ARC试验的喷管喉衬和出口维。本文叙述了发动机和推力向量控制系统的设计、试验装置和试验结果。     

固体推进剂裂缝弹道结构分析

本文采用一种计算机程序来预测燃烧时固体推进剂药柱裂缝内的弹道压力相互作用效应及压力引起的裂缝增长问题。本分析系统成功地将断裂力学有限元程序与弹道和裂缝燃烧计算程序结合起来,通过计算机程序,求出燃烧过程中每一时刻的变形和燃烧分布图。本法考虑了药柱表面和裂缝内侧面由燃烧引起的压力载荷,相应地提出了推进剂药柱因燃烧引起的断裂问题。本程序的设计区别了裂缝的燃完和裂缝的失控扩展。本程序业已改进,可用来处理由于点火器的变化和火焰传播效应引起的点火瞬变现象。     

多孔药柱燃气发生器的燃速变化和重现性

研完了多孔药柱燃气发生器的燃速变化特性。对几种装药量为0.5～150kg、有19～235个平行圆孔的药柱的设计进行了评价。主要讨论了多孔药柱与通常的中孔内部燃烧药柱燃速变化曲线的形状和大小的差别,不同的多孔药柱之间的差别,这些效应与弹道预测的关系,多孔药柱的压力一时间曲线重现性分析。分析采用了燃速和燃面的点火前及点火后的弹道性能评估,也考虑了侵蚀燃烧、侵蚀和沉积引起的喉面变化及特性速度变化的影响。从多孔药柱燃气发生器的点火后分析,推导出多孔药柱一般燃速变化曲线,使性能预测精度提高达3%。多孔药柱燃气发生器的性能重现性很好。高燃速发生器最大压力偏差小于3%,低燃速发生器最大压力偏差小于5%。     

惯性顶级固体发动机的研制现状

惯性顶级(IUS)全尺寸发动机研制计划包括三级发动机的设计、研制和飞行鉴定。这些发动机按不同方法组合起来,可以用来满足给定的有效载荷的能量要求。推进系统的设计已经完成,当前的主要精力集中在完成鉴定阶段前的研制阶段试验上。到目前为止,所有的静止试车都是成功的。本文首先介绍一下惯性顶级飞行器,接着描述每级固体发动机的设计特点,最后总结了迄今为止所作的发动机各部件和整机的试验结果。在必要的地方,文中深入地分析了每项试验中哪些方面是重要的,为什么重要,以及怎样满足了惯性顶级的这些要求。     

Endolithic cyanobacteria in halite rocks from the hyperarid core of the Atacama Desert

In the driest parts of the Atacama Desert there are no visible life forms on soil or rock surfaces. The soil in this region contains only minute traces of bacteria distributed in patches, and conditions are too dry for cyanobacteria that live under translucent stones. Here we show that halite evaporite rocks from the driest part of the Atacama Desert are colonized by cyanobacteria. This colonization takes place just a few millimeters beneath the rock surface, occupying spaces among salt crystals. Our work reveals that these communities are composed of extremely resistant Chroococcidiopsis morphospecies of cyanobacteria and associated heterotrophic bacteria. This newly discovered endolithic environment is an extremely dry and, at the same time, saline microbial habitat. Photosynthetic microorganisms within dry evaporite rocks could be an important and previously unrecognized target for the search for life within our Solar System.     

基于图像的测量方法在工业风洞跨声速流测量中的最新进展

风洞中非定常复杂流场的实验研究要求先进的测量技术.基于图像的测量技术中最重要的是测量平面流速度场、平面压强分布、模型位置和变形、模型温度以及定量的高速流可视化等技术.DLR(德国宇航研究院)对这些技术的应用包括从低速流到跨声速流、从增升装置到螺旋桨和旋翼、从弹射装置和水塔储水罐尾迹流旋涡到三角翼上涡破裂现象等的研究.由于跨声速风洞的特殊环境,将基于图像的测量技术用于跨声速流要求专门的技术开发和有经验的科学家.给出了DLR空气动力学和流动技术研究所将基于图像的测量技术应用于跨声速流研究的最新进展.     

A microbial oasis in the hypersaline Atacama subsurface discovered by a life detector chip: implications for the search for life on Mars

The Atacama Desert has long been considered a good Mars analogue for testing instrumentation for planetary exploration, but very few data (if any) have been reported about the geomicrobiology of its salt-rich subsurface. We performed a Mars analogue drilling campaign next to the Salar Grande (Atacama, Chile) in July 2009, and several cores and powder samples from up to 5?m deep were analyzed in situ with LDChip300 (a Life Detector Chip containing 300 antibodies). Here, we show the discovery of a hypersaline subsurface microbial habitat associated with halite-, nitrate-, and perchlorate-containing salts at 2?m deep. LDChip300 detected bacteria, archaea, and other biological material (DNA, exopolysaccharides, some peptides) from the analysis of less than 0.5?g of ground core sample. The results were supported by oligonucleotide microarray hybridization in the field and finally confirmed by molecular phylogenetic analysis and direct visualization of microbial cells bound to halite crystals in the laboratory. Geochemical analyses revealed a habitat with abundant hygroscopic salts like halite (up to 260?g kg(-1)) and perchlorate (41.13?μg g(-1) maximum), which allow deliquescence events at low relative humidity. Thin liquid water films would permit microbes to proliferate by using detected organic acids like acetate (19.14?μg g(-1)) or formate (76.06?μg g(-1)) as electron donors, and sulfate (15875?μg g(-1)), nitrate (13490?μg g(-1)), or perchlorate as acceptors. Our results correlate with the discovery of similar hygroscopic salts and possible deliquescence processes on Mars, and open new search strategies for subsurface martian biota. The performance demonstrated by our LDChip300 validates this technology for planetary exploration, particularly for the search for life on Mars.     

Tolerance of anhydrobiotic eggs of the Tardigrade Ramazzottius varieornatus to extreme environments

Tardigrades are tiny (less than 1?mm in length) invertebrate animals that have the potential to survive travel to other planets because of their tolerance to extreme environmental conditions by means of a dry ametabolic state called anhydrobiosis. While the tolerance of adult tardigrades to extreme environments has been reported, there are few reports on the tolerance of their eggs. We examined the ability of hydrated and anhydrobiotic eggs of the tardigrade Ramazzottius varieornatus to hatch after exposure to ionizing irradiation (helium ions), extremely low and high temperatures, and high vacuum. We previously reported that there was a similar pattern of tolerance against ionizing radiation between hydrated and anhydrobiotic adults. In contrast, anhydrobiotic eggs (50% lethal dose; 1690 Gy) were substantially more radioresistant than hydrated ones (50% lethal dose; 509 Gy). Anhydrobiotic eggs also have a broader temperature resistance compared with hydrated ones. Over 70% of the anhydrobiotic eggs treated at either -196°C or +50°C hatched successfully, but all the hydrated eggs failed to hatch. After exposure to high-vacuum conditions (5.3×10(-4) Pa to 6.2×10(-5) Pa), the hatchability of the anhydrobiotic eggs was comparable to that of untreated control eggs.