随机逼近的稳健估计

大家知道,参数的稳健估计可以通过递推的Robbins-Monro型随机逼近(SA)算法而获得。对于简单的位置估计问题,为了适当地选择算法的非线性变换和增益常数,导出了一个关于对称分布族(?)(y_p,p)的渐近极小-极大估计。该分布族在区间[-y_p,y_p]以外有相同的分布p,0相似文献   

射电干涉测量的动基应用

本文研究了与移动接收机有关的射电干涉测量误差源。结合已发表的数据,经独立研究给出了接收机噪声、时钟抖动、定时漂移、多路径误差、电离层和对流层折射效应引起的各种误差的均方根值。动基射电干涉测量系统仿真中,加进了有显著影响的统计误差模型,以评价接收机运动状态的测量精度。假设这个系统由两台配有原子钟的双频接收机组成。在记录的GPS信号相位的事后处理中,应用多普勒频移检测技术和互相关算法来确定基线距离和飞行器的运动参数。初步分析结果表明:动基射电干涉测量将提供与目前惯导技术同等的导航精度,甚至更高。     

~(201)Hg~+离子贮存式频率标准

本文讨论利用在潘宁离子收集器中贮存~201Hg~+离子实现微波频率(和时间)标准以及光频标性能的潜力与存在的问题。有许多讨论一般都适用于离子贮存式频标。激光致冷、光抽运、以及微波或光时钟跃迁的光检测,可利用在194.2nm6P~2P_(1/2)←6~2S_(1/2)跃迁的窄带幅射,而有选择地将基态超精细能级与适当的微波幅射加以混频来完成。特别适用于采用潘宁(冷阴极)离子收集器的一阶独立场微波时钟跃迁是在1.534T 磁场的25.9GHz(F,M_F)=(2,1)←→(1,1)超精细跃迁。在563nm(毫微米)的双量子无多普勒5d~96S~(22)D_(5/2)←→5d~(10)6S~2S_(1/2)迁可能是光频标所要选用的。两种频标的绝对准确度具有达到好于1×10~(-15)而频率稳定度低于10~(-16)的潜力。     

Robust monomer-distribution biosignatures in evolving digital biota

Because organisms synthesize component molecules at rates that reflect those molecules' adaptive utility, we expect a population of biota to leave a distinctive chemical signature on its environment that is anomalous given the local (abiotic) chemistry. We observe the same effect in the distribution of computer instructions used by an evolving population of digital organisms, and we characterize the robustness of the evolved signature with respect to a number of different changes in the system's physics. The observed instruction abundance anomaly has features that are consistent over a large number of evolutionary trials and alterations in system parameters, which makes it a candidate for a non-Earth-centric life diagnostic.     

A microbial oasis in the hypersaline Atacama subsurface discovered by a life detector chip: implications for the search for life on Mars

The Atacama Desert has long been considered a good Mars analogue for testing instrumentation for planetary exploration, but very few data (if any) have been reported about the geomicrobiology of its salt-rich subsurface. We performed a Mars analogue drilling campaign next to the Salar Grande (Atacama, Chile) in July 2009, and several cores and powder samples from up to 5?m deep were analyzed in situ with LDChip300 (a Life Detector Chip containing 300 antibodies). Here, we show the discovery of a hypersaline subsurface microbial habitat associated with halite-, nitrate-, and perchlorate-containing salts at 2?m deep. LDChip300 detected bacteria, archaea, and other biological material (DNA, exopolysaccharides, some peptides) from the analysis of less than 0.5?g of ground core sample. The results were supported by oligonucleotide microarray hybridization in the field and finally confirmed by molecular phylogenetic analysis and direct visualization of microbial cells bound to halite crystals in the laboratory. Geochemical analyses revealed a habitat with abundant hygroscopic salts like halite (up to 260?g kg(-1)) and perchlorate (41.13?μg g(-1) maximum), which allow deliquescence events at low relative humidity. Thin liquid water films would permit microbes to proliferate by using detected organic acids like acetate (19.14?μg g(-1)) or formate (76.06?μg g(-1)) as electron donors, and sulfate (15875?μg g(-1)), nitrate (13490?μg g(-1)), or perchlorate as acceptors. Our results correlate with the discovery of similar hygroscopic salts and possible deliquescence processes on Mars, and open new search strategies for subsurface martian biota. The performance demonstrated by our LDChip300 validates this technology for planetary exploration, particularly for the search for life on Mars.     

Survival of Deinococcus radiodurans against laboratory-simulated solar wind charged particles

In this experimental study, cells of the radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans were exposed to several different sources of radiation chosen to replicate the charged particles found in the solar wind. Naked cells or cells mixed with dust grains (basalt or sandstone) differing in elemental composition were exposed to electrons, protons, and ions to determine the probability of cell survival after irradiation. Doses necessary to reduce the viability of cell population to 10% (LD(10)) were determined under different experimental conditions. The results of this study indicate that low-energy particle radiation (2-4?keV), typically present in the slow component of the solar wind, had no effect on dehydrated cells, even if exposed at fluences only reached in more than 1000 years at Sun-Earth distance (1 AU). Higher-energy ions (200?keV) found in solar flares would inactivate 90% of exposed cells after several events in less than 1 year at 1 AU. When mixed with dust grains, LD(10) increases about 10-fold. These results show that, compared to the highly deleterious effects of UV radiation, solar wind charged particles are relatively benign, and organisms protected under grains from UV radiation would also be protected from the charged particles considered in this study.     

Putative fossilized fungi from the lithified volcaniclastic apron of Gran Canaria, Spain

We report the discovery of fossilized filamentous structures in samples of the lithified, volcaniclastic apron of Gran Canaria, which were obtained during Leg 157 of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). These filamentous structures are 2-15 μm in diameter and several hundred micrometers in length and are composed of Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, Ti, and C. Chitin was detected in the filamentous structures by staining with wheat germ agglutinin dye conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (WGA-FITC), which suggests that they are fossilized fungal hyphae. The further elucidation of typical filamentous fungal morphological features, such as septa, hyphal bridges, and anastomosis and their respective sizes, support this interpretation. Characteristic structures that we interpreted as fossilized spores were also observed in association with the putative hyphae. The fungal hyphae were found in pyroxene phenocrysts and in siderite pseudomorphs of a basalt breccia. The fungal colonization of the basalt clasts occurred after the brecciation but prior to the final emplacement and lithification of the sediment at ～16-14 Ma. The siderite appears to have been partially dissolved by the presence of fungal hyphae, and the fungi preferentially colonized Fe-rich carbonates over Fe-poor carbonates (aragonite). Our findings indicate that fungi may be an important geobiological agent in subseafloor environments and an important component of the deep subseafloor biosphere, and that hydrothermal environments associated with volcanism can support a diverse ecosystem, including eukaryotes.     

基于GPS跟踪技术的TDRS星测轨

本文评述了利用GPS和GPS有关技术确定TDRS星轨道的二种不同方法。第一种TDRS星上装GPS接收机,直接测得到GPS卫星的距离,以此确定TDRS星历,不需要地面测控网;第二种TDRS星发一适当的信标信号,地面多台接收机同时跟踪GPS和TDRS卫星。这两种方法都能满足未来TDRS—Ⅱ的测轨精度要求。     

开发TDRSS对政府和商业运载火箭的全球覆盖能力

NASA天基通信网—TDRSS可为哈勃太空望远镜、Compton天文台、TOPEX以及航天飞机等多种低轨道飞行航天器提供跟踪和通信服务。当前NASA正集中研究采用最经济的办法完成其各项航天任务,这就促使它加倍努力,寻求从其TDRSS独特资源获得更大价值的一切可能性。现已证明利用3颗地球同步卫星加上高增益S波段跟踪天线能为一次性运载火箭(ELV)的发射阶段提供近全球覆盖能力。 运载火箭在上升和级间分离期间,由TDRSS提供遥测覆盖要比利用高级靶场测量飞机(ARIA)或多个航区站费用低得多。 TDRSS可望承担各类运载火箭的发射服务,其中包括德尔它、大力神/顶上级、飞马座、民兵、改进型火箭(EELV)和海射火箭以及国外运载火箭。对于装有相应转发器的顶上级,可以覆盖到转移轨道段。还在研究利用TDRSS波段前向链路传递靶场安全指令,从而还可能得到明显的经济效益。 本文详细介绍TDRSS为大力神/半人马座和阿特拉斯/半人马座发射提供通信保障所获得的经验,并叙述为各种运载火箭发射服务的余量、发射机和天线特性以及费用和前景。     

改进阵风设计方法

回顾各种不同飞机的阵风设计方法，讨论阵风设计方法以及诸多方法所得结果的不一致性，所有这些方法应该被归纳为两种简单的易于采用的方法，该方法在本文中得到概述，一种是非常实用的时间关系法，时间关系法中所需的函数能够从这种方法中直接获得，本文的重点是确定所有重要的阵风设计严重性水平，以及实际上被忽略的阵风设计过程的主要方面，通过实例结果，给出确定这些水平的方法，同时也涉及其它的正在进行的大气紊流研究。