Immobilization induces a very rapid increase in osteoclast activity

We studied in a randomized, strictly controlled cross-over design, the effects of 6 days 6 degrees head-down tilt bed rest (HDT) in eight male healthy subjects in our metabolic ward. The study consisted of two periods (phases) of 11 days each in order to allow for the test subjects being their own controls. Both study phases were identical with respect to environmental conditions, study protocol and diet. Two days before arriving in the metabolic ward the subjects started with a diet. The diet was continued in the metabolic ward. The metabolic ward period (1l days) was divided into three parts: 4 ambulatory days, 6 days either HDT or control and 1 recovery day. Continuous urine collection started on the first day in the metabolic ward to analyze calcium excretion and bone resorption markers. On the 2nd ambulatory day in the metabolic ward and on the 5th day in HDT or control blood was drawn to analyze serum calcium, parathyroid hormone, and bone formation markers. Urinary calcium excretion was, as early as the first day in immobilization, increased (p<0.01). CTX- and NTX-excretion stayed unchanged in the first 24 h in HDT compared to the control. But already on the 2nd day of immobilization, both bone resorption markers significantly increased. We conclude from these results--pronounced rise of bone resorption markers--that already 24 h of immobilization induce a significant rise in osteoclast activity in healthy subjects. Thus, it appears possible to use short-term bed rest studies as a first step for the development of countermeasures to immobilization.     

天体表面探测遥操作模拟验证系统设计与实现

针对天体表面探测遥操作模拟验证需求和特点,设计实现了综合天体表面地形模拟、模拟星球车、地形扫描测量与遥操作处理评估等功能的天体表面探测遥操作模拟验证系统.以人工砂搭建可变形表面模拟环境,研制了具有感知、移动及规划结果响应功能的模拟星球车,提出了基于激光扫描的地形测量与星球车位姿测量方法,建立了基于模拟场景和星球车的天体...     

第三部分 测量数据的表示法与应用

3.1 阻抗曲线的一般特陸阻抗试验中的问题之一是只从它的外貌说清所测得的阻抗曲线是否正确乃至合理,比较困难。而在静力试验中,根据线性度的不希望偏差将能表示出测量的问题,但是不能完全等价地简单检查一条阻抗曲线的真实性,因为阻抗曲线的轨跡在共振和反共振之间是连续波动的图形。     

中国月球探测器的成就与展望

全面而简要地回顾了国内外月球探测的发展历程,介绍了中国月球探测器的工程研制和飞行任务实施情况,总结了中国月球探测器取得的技术成就和科学成果,展望了中国月球探测器的未来发展。     

马赫数连续可变跨声速湿蒸汽风洞的研制

用于跨声速气动测量的探针须从亚声速到超声速范围进行标定。变质量槽式喷管通过扩张段壁面上槽缝流出部分气流的自适应特性可在不同背压下得到不同出口马赫数,从而使标定气动探针的风洞实现马赫数从0到超声速的连续变化。为了研究采用湿蒸汽为工质的变质量槽式喷管的性能及优化其结构,采用三维犖-犛方程以及可实现犽-ε湍流模型对其进行了详细的数值仿真。结果表明收缩段型线、扩张段长度及壁槽尺寸等对喷管流场特性有重要影响,喷管进出口压比在一定范围内,槽式喷管有最优的收缩段型线、扩张段长度和开槽尺寸。根据数值仿真结果研制了马赫数从0到1.6连续可变的跨声速湿蒸汽风洞,对此风洞性能进行验证,表明该风洞在马赫数从零到超声速范围内可获得均匀、稳定的出口气流,满足跨声速湿蒸汽气动探针的标定要求。     

Topological biosignatures: large-scale structure of chemical networks from biology and astrochemistry

The chemical basis of life involves more than simply the presence of biological molecules; biochemical systems embody a complex network of reactions with characteristic topological features. At the same time, chemical complexity is also present in nonbiological contexts, inviting us to clarify the relationship between chemistry and life through comparative studies. This study examines chemical networks from biology (the metabolism of E. coli) and astronomy (gas-phase reactions in dark molecular clouds) to establish common topological features that may be generic for any complex chemical system, as well as clear differences that may be topological signatures of life. The biological and astrochemical networks exhibit different scaling behaviors, and the network motifs found in the two systems show similarities as well as significant differences. The PageRank algorithm was used to quantify the degree to which individual species act primarily as products or reactants; in the metabolic network, these two roles are nearly identical for most species, whereas the astrochemical network shows a clearer partitioning into reactants and products.     

Abundance and diversity of microbial inhabitants in European spacecraft-associated clean rooms

The determination of the microbial load of a spacecraft en route to interesting extraterrestrial environments is mandatory and currently based on the culturable, heat-shock-surviving portion of microbial contaminants. Our study compared these classical bioburden measurements as required by NASA's and ESA's guidelines for the microbial examination of flight hardware, with molecular analysis methods (16S rRNA gene cloning and quantitative PCR) to further develop our understanding of the diversity and abundance of the microbial communities of spacecraft-associated clean rooms. Three samplings of the Herschel Space Observatory and its surrounding clean rooms were performed in two different European facilities. Molecular analyses detected a broad diversity of microbes typically found in the human microbiome with three bacterial genera (Staphylococcus, Propionibacterium, and Brevundimonas) common to all three locations. Bioburden measurements revealed a low, but heterogeneous, abundance of spore-forming and other heat-resistant microorganisms. Total cell numbers estimated by quantitative real-time PCR were typically 3 orders of magnitude greater than those determined by viable counts, which indicates a tendency for traditional methods to underestimate the extent of clean room bioburden. Furthermore, the molecular methods allowed the detection of a much broader diversity than traditional culture-based methods.     

The PROCESS experiment: an astrochemistry laboratory for solid and gaseous organic samples in low-earth orbit

The PROCESS (PRebiotic Organic ChEmistry on the Space Station) experiment was part of the EXPOSE-E payload outside the European Columbus module of the International Space Station from February 2008 to August 2009. During this interval, organic samples were exposed to space conditions to simulate their evolution in various astrophysical environments. The samples used represent organic species related to the evolution of organic matter on the small bodies of the Solar System (carbonaceous asteroids and comets), the photolysis of methane in the atmosphere of Titan, and the search for organic matter at the surface of Mars. This paper describes the hardware developed for this experiment as well as the results for the glycine solid-phase samples and the gas-phase samples that were used with regard to the atmosphere of Titan. Lessons learned from this experiment are also presented for future low-Earth orbit astrochemistry investigations.     

霍尔推力器在轨羽流图像诊断方法

为便于霍尔推力器羽流在轨诊断测量,文章提出了一种基于光谱诊断衍生出来的图像诊断方法。首先对推力器羽流进行光学图像采集,然后提取出能够反映羽流不同谱段光强信息的红绿蓝三通道数据;同时结合相机成像原理分析,得到不同通道的像素点灰度值与羽流光谱强度的对应关系;并且基于光谱碰撞辐射模型,建立了羽流图像计算模型。研究结果表明,利用图像诊断方法计算得到的羽流区电子温度和离子密度分布规律均与探针试验结果相吻合,计算的相对不确定度分别约为20%和15%,说明了该诊断方法精度适中,具有较高的可靠性,适用于在轨诊断霍尔推力器羽流等离子体参数。