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681.
W. Hermsen J.B.G.M. Bloemen L. Blitz 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1984,3(10-12)
The radial distribution of the high-energy (70 MeV-5 GeV) gamma-ray emissivity in the outer Milky Way is derived. The kinematics of HI are used to construct column-density maps in three galacto-centric distance ranges in the outer Galaxy. These maps are used in combination with COS-B gamma-ray data to determine gamma-ray emissivities in these distance ranges. A steep negative gradient of the emissivity for the 70 MeV-150 MeV energy range is found in the outer Galaxy. The emissivity for the 300 MeV-5 GeV range is found to be approximately constant (within 20%) and equal to the local value out to large (20 kpc) galacto-centric distances. These results imply a hardening of the gamma-ray spectrum with increrasing distance and for R > 16 kpc the spectrum is shown to be consistent with a π°-decay spectrum with the intensity expected from the local measurement of the cosmic-ray nuclei spectrum. The energy-dependent decrease is interpreted as a steep gradient in the cosmic-ray electron density and a near constancy of the nuclear component. The galactic origin of electrons with energies up to several hundreds of MeV is confirmed, while for cosmic-ray nuclei with energies of a few GeV either confinement in a large galactic halo or an extragalactic origin is suggested by the data. 相似文献
682.
M.R. Leese J.A.M. McDonnell S.F. Green E. Busoletti B.C. Clark L. Colangeli J.F. Crifo P. Eberhardt F. Giovane E. Grün B. Gustafson D.W. Hughes D. Jackson P. Lamy Y. Langevin I. Mann S. McKenna-Lawlor W.G. Tanner P.R. Weissman J.C. Zarnecki 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1996,17(12):137-140
683.
E. C. Stone R. E. Vogt F. B. McDonald B. J. Teegarden J. H. Trainor J. R. Jokipii W. R. Webber 《Space Science Reviews》1977,21(3):355-376
A cosmic-ray detector system (CRS) has been developed for the Voyager mission which will measure the energy spectrum of electrons from 3–110 MeV and the energy spectra and elemental composition of all cosmic-ray nuclei from hydrogen through iron over an energy range from 1–500 MeV/nuc. Isotopes of hydrogen through sulfur will be resolved from 2–75 MeV/nuc. Studies with CRS data will provide information on the energy content, origin and acceleration process, life history, and dynamics of cosmic rays in the galaxy, and contribute to an understanding of the nucleosynthesis of elements in the cosmic-ray sources. Particular emphasis will be placed on low-energy phenomena that are expected to exist in interstellar space and are known to be present in the outer Solar System. This investigation will also add to our understanding of the transport of cosmic rays, Jovian electrons, and low-energy interplanetary particles over an extended region of interplanetary space. A major contribution to these areas of study will be the measurement of three-dimensional streaming patterns of nuclei from H through Fe and electrons over an extended energy range, with a precision that will allow determination of anisotropies down to 1%. The required combination of charge resolution, reliability and redundance has been achieved with systems consisting entirely of solid-state charged-particle detectors.Principal Investigator of the Voyager Cosmic Ray Experiment. 相似文献
684.
R. Hanel B. Conrath D. Gautier P. Gierasch S. Kumar V. Kunde P. Lowman W. Maguire J. Pearl J. Pirraglia C. Ponnamperuma R. Samuelson 《Space Science Reviews》1977,21(2):129-157
The infrared investigation on Voyager uses two interferometers covering the spectral ranges 60–600 cm–1 (17–170 m) and 1000–7000 cm–1 (1.4–10 m), and a radiometer covering the range 8000–25 000 cm–1 (0.4–1.2 m). Two spectral resolutions (approximately 6.5 and 2.0 cm–1) are available for each of the interferometers. In the middle of the thermal channel (far infrared interferometer) the noise level is equivalent to the signal from a target at 50 K; in the middle of the reflected sunlight channel (near infrared interferometer) the noise level is equivalent to the signal from an object of albedo 0.2 at the distance of Uranus.For planets and satellites with substantial atmospheres, the data will be used to investigate cloud and gas composition (including isotopic ratios), haze scale height, atmospheric vertical thermal structure, local and planetary circulation and dynamics, and planetary energy balance. For satellites with tenuous atmospheres, data will be gathered on surface and atmospheric composition, surface temperature and thermal properties, local and global phase functions, and surface structure. For Saturn's rings, the composition and radial structure, particle size and thermal characteristics will be investigated. Comparative studies of the planets and their satellite systems will be carried out.Paris Observatory.Cornell University.Jet Propulsion Laboratory.University of Maryland. 相似文献
685.
686.
Recently the galactic plane has been observed in the low and medium energy gamma-ray range in the directions towards the center and anticenter. Spectral measurements are now available at those energies, where the contribution from π°-decay gamma rays can be neglected. The high MeV-fluxes observed in both parts of the Galaxy are an indication of either a strong electron induced component or a high contribution from unresolved sources. Several interstellar cosmic-ray electron spectra have been used to calculate the contribution from electron bremsstrahlung and inverse Compton collisions with optical, infrared and 2.7 K black-body photons. From these calculations restrictions on the interstellar electron spectrum are derived. 相似文献
687.
688.
In March/April 1984 eleven EXOSAT observations of Her X-1 were performed sampling a full 35 day cycle. Spectral analysis of the ME and GSPC data shows that the iron line emission is present during all phases. During the main-on state we see an iron line at 6.65 ± 0.07 keV with a FWHM of 1–2 keV and an equivalent width of 300 to 400 eV. The high resolution GSPC data indicate that the line profiles have external wings and are not simple Gaussian. We report for the first time on the detection of an iron line during the intermediate-on state with about the same parameters as the main-on state line but an equivalent width a factor of 2 larger. During the off state between main-on and intermediate-on we detected a broad iron line feature at about 6.0 keV with an equivalent width of 2 keV. We discuss the Alfven region and a hot corona at the inner region of the accretion disk as the possible sites of the line production. 相似文献
689.
During the last several years significant progress has been made in understanding MHD turbulence in the Earth’s plasma sheet.
Due to the statistically transitory properties of fluctuations, finite size and boundary effects, however, issues of fundamental
importance remain unresolved. Here we concentrate on such intrinsic features of plasma sheet turbulence as its origin and
dynamical nature. In particular, we investigate bursty bulk flow driven multi-scale transfer of energy towards the dissipation
scale, and provide evidence for the presence of non-linear interactions. We show that, in contrast with previous results,
Alfvénic fluctuations together with 2D eddy interactions may appear as important constituents of turbulence in the plasma
sheet. 相似文献
690.