Relativistic electrons high doses at International Space Station and Foton M2/M3 satellites

The paper presents observation of relativistic electrons. Data are collected by the Radiation Risk Radiometer-Dosimeters (R3D) B2/B3 modifications during the flights of Foton M2/M3 satellites in 2005 and 2007 as well as by the R3DE instrument at the European Technology Exposure Facility (EuTEF) on the Columbus External Payload Adaptor at the International Space Station (ISS) in the period February 20 – April 28, 2008. On the Foton M2/M3 satellites relativistic electrons are observed more frequently than on the ISS because of higher (62.8°) inclination of the orbit. At both Foton satellites the usual duration of the observations are a few minutes long. On the ISS the duration usually is about 1 min or less. The places of observations of high doses due to relativistic electrons are distributed mainly at latitudes above 50° geographic latitude in both hemispheres on Foton M2/M3 satellites. A very high maximum is found in the southern hemisphere at longitudinal range 0°–60°E. At the ISS the maximums are observed between 45° and 52° geographic latitude in both hemispheres mainly at longitudes equatorward from the magnetic poles. The measured absolute maximums of dose rates generated by relativistic electrons are found to be as follows: 304 μGy h⁻¹ behind 1.75 g cm⁻² shielding at Foton M2, 2314 μGy h⁻¹ behind 0.71 g cm⁻² shielding at Foton M3 and 19,195 μGy h⁻¹ (Flux is 8363 cm⁻² s⁻¹) behind les than 0.4 g cm⁻² shielding at ISS.     

Experiences in Managing the Prometheus Project

Congress authorized NASA's Prometheus Project in February 2003, with the first Prometheus mission slated to explore the icy moons of Jupiter. The project had two major objectives: 1) to develop a nuclear reactor that would provide unprecedented levels of power and show that it could be processed safely and operated reliably in space for long-duration, deep-space exploration; and 2) to explore the three icy moons of Jupiter - Callisto, Ganymede, and Europa - and return science data that would meet the scientific goals as set forth in the Decadal Survey Report of the National Academy of Sciences. Early in project planning, it was determined that the development of the Prometheus nuclear-powered spaceship would be complex and require the intellectual knowledge residing at numerous organizations across the country. In addition, because of the complex nature of the project and the multiple partners, approaches beyond those successfully used to manage a typical JPL project would be needed. This describes the key experiences in managing Prometheus, which should prove useful for future projects of similar scope and magnitude.     

Local Interstellar Parameters as They Are Inferred from Analysis of Observations Inside the Heliosphere

This paper provides a brief summary on the current knowledge of the properties of the Circum-Heliospheric Interstellar Medium (CHISM). It discusses what can be learnt on the parameters of CHISM’s components from analysis of measurements performed inside the heliosphere. The analysis is based on the kinetic-gasdynamic models of the solar wind/interstellar medium interaction. We focus the analysis on three types of diagnostics: 1) interstellar H atom number density at the heliospheric termination shock inferred from pickup ion measurements, 2) the location and time of the Voyager 1 and 2 termination shock crossings, 3) the deflection of the interstellar H atom flow inside the heliosphere as been measured by SOHO/SWAN. From these results estimations of the unknown local interstellar parameters are deduced. The parameters are the number densities of interstellar H⁺ and H and the magnitude and direction of the interstellar magnetic field in the vicinity of the solar system.     

Air transport security and crisis management

Network management is one of the key technologies needed to fulfill the requirements. In other words, a new paradigm for network management is also needed, in order to address the requirements arising both from the ATN side and the telecommunication side of the new telecommunication infrastructure. In particular, the new network management paradigm will incorporate the ATN management framework consisting of related standards, along with the telecommunication management framework, notably Telecommunication Management Network (TMN) standards from ITU-T.     

Pressure and Ionization Balances in the Circum-Heliospheric Interstellar Medium and the Local Bubble

A disconcerting mismatch of thermal pressures for two media in contact with each other, (1) the warm, Circum-Heliospheric Interstellar Medium (CHISM) and (2) the very hot material within a much larger region called the Local Bubble (LB), has troubled astronomers for over two decades. A possible resolution of this problem, at least in part, now seems possible. We now understand that earlier estimates for the average electron density in the very hot LB plasma were inflated by an unrecognized foreground contamination to the low energy diffuse X-ray background measurements. This foreground illumination arises from photons emitted by charge exchange reactions between solar wind ions and neutral atoms from the interstellar medium that enter into the heliosphere. However, with the resolution of this problem comes a new one. The high ionization fraction of helium in the CHISM, relative to that of hydrogen, could be understood in terms of the effects from a strong flux of EUV and X-ray radiation coming from both the Local Bubble and a conductive interface around the CHISM. A revision of this interpretation may now be in order, now that the photoionization rate from radiation emitted by hot gas the Local Bubble is lower than previously assumed.     

电火花加工计算机辅助工艺过程设计系统

介绍电火花计算机辅助工艺过程设计系统（ＣＡＰＰＳ），用于为一个给定目标选择最佳操作。同时，还考虑了其它的会影响ＥＤＭ加工过程的加工方法（如铣削等）。系统的输入信息是在已有的ＣＡＤ信息的基础上产生的基于ＣＡＰＰ特征的工件描述。每个特征类对应于一个特定的一般工艺规程，并由系统对其进行评价，然后基于最低成本的原则，计算出最优工艺规程。同时还介绍了一种计算工时的通用方法。     

Kalman Filter Applications in Airborne Radar Tracking

This paper studies the application of Kalman filtering to single-target track systems in airborne radar. An angle channel Kalman filter is configured which incorporates measures of range, range rate, and on-board dynamics. Theoretical performance results are given and a discussion of methods for reducing the complexity of the Kalman gain computation is presented. A suboptimal antenna controller which operates on the outputs of the angle Kalman filter is also described. In addition, methodological improvements are shown to exist in the design of range and range-rate trackers using the Kalman filter configuration.     

Effect of Electrical Generator Parameters on Transient Suppressors

In vehicular and aircraft generating systems, the voltage transient suppressor requirements for protection of utilization loads are generally based on measured values of valtage transients and the generating system impedance. This paper presents an approximate method for determining the suppressor requirements that disregards the generating system impedance. When a voltage surge due to removal of load is suppressed, the greater portion of the removed load current is transferred to the shunt-type suppressor. The influence of generating system voltage regulator design on severity of voltage transients is discussed.     

Preliminary calibration results of VEGA 1 and 2 SIGMA-3 gas chromatograph

SIGMA - 3 gas chromatograph on board VEGA 1 and 2 landing probes has been operated successfully in the 60 - 50 km altitude range, providing several in - situ chemical analysis of the gas and the aerosols of Venus cloud layers. Post flight calibration required to derive atmospheric abundancies from gas chromatograms were carried out using the SIGMA - 3 spare model. A Venus atmospheric aerosol simulation chamber was used in which sulfuric acid droplets were generated. Preliminary results of these calibration experiments indicate that the concentration of sulfuric acid in the upper part of the clouds ( 60 to 55 km) is about 1 mg/m³ and suggest that an additional constituant must be present in noticeable amount in the aerosols. From these experiments the mixing ratio upper limits of SO₂ is 100 ppmV and of H₂S and COS is few 10 ppmV.