Global Response of Martian Plasma Environment to an Interplanetary Structure: From Ena and Plasma Observations at Mars

As a part of the global plasma environment study of Mars and its response to the solar wind, we have analyzed a peculiar case of the subsolar energetic neutral atom (ENA) jet observed on June 7, 2004 by the Neutral Particle Detector (NPD) on board the Mars Express satellite. The “subsolar ENA jet” is generated by the interaction between the solar wind and the Martian exosphere, and is one of the most intense sources of ENA flux observed in the vicinity of Mars. On June 7, 2004 (orbit 485 of Mars Express), the NPD observed a very intense subsolar ENA jet, which then abruptly decreased within ∼10 sec followed by quasi-periodic (∼1 min) flux variations. Simultaneously, the plasma sensors detected a solar wind structure, which was most likely an interplanetary shock surface. The abrupt decrease of the ENA flux and the quasi-periodic flux variations can be understood in the framework of the global response of the Martian plasma obstacle to the interplanetary shock. The generation region of the subsolar ENA jet was pushed towards the planet by the interplanetary shock; and therefore, Mars Express went out of the ENA jet region. Associated global vibrations of the Martian plasma obstacle may have been the cause of the quasi-periodic flux variations of the ENA flux at the spacecraft location.     

The Hydrogen Exospheric Density Profile Measured with ASPERA-3/NPD

We have evaluated the Lyman-α limb emission from the exospheric hydrogen of Mars measured by the neutral particle detector of the ASPERA-3 instrument on Mars Express in 2004 at low solar activity (solar activity index = 42, F_10.7=100). We derive estimates for the hydrogen exobase density, n _H = 10¹⁰ m^?3, and for the apparent temperature, T > 600 K. We conclude that the limb emission measurement is dominated by a hydrogen component that is considerably hotter than the bulk temperature at the exobase. The derived values for the exosphere density and temperature are compared with similar measurements done by the Mariner space probes in the 1969. The values found with Mars Express and Mariner data are brought in a broader context of exosphere models including the possibility of having two hydrogen components in the Martian exosphere. The present observation of the Martian hydrogen exosphere is the first one at high altitudes during low solar activity, and shows that for low solar activity exospheric densities are not higher than for high solar activity.     

某旋翼液压阻尼器动密封故障分析与处理

旋翼液压阻尼器是直升机旋翼系统的关键元件,为旋翼桨叶摆振运动提供阻尼,防止直升机发生＂地面共振＂。某旋翼液压阻尼器在使用过程中多次出现液压油泄漏,导致阻尼值下降,甚至阻尼完全丧失,成为严重影响直升机安全的隐患。为此,通过对故障现象、原因的分析及故障定位,针对密封材料、密封结构等进行分析和充分的试验验证,制定了相应的技术与工作措施。这些措施经后续试飞验证取得了很好的实施效果。     

基于经验模式分解法的航空发动机振动传感器故障诊断技术研究

在深入研究经验模式分解法基本理论的基础上,针对航空发动机振动传感器故障的时频特征,提出一种基于经验模式分解法的传感器故障诊断新方法.该方法的关键在于将含有传感器故障的航空发动机振动测试信号进行经验模式分解,利用这种方法的局部自适应特性和时频多分辨率分析将传感器输出信号的局部特性细化,使故障信息凸显出来.分析结果表明,该方法可以准确诊断传感器软、硬故障,有效降低误报率和漏报率,具有很好的应用价值.     

叶根倒角模拟件设计

为了避免涡轮叶片叶根倒角低周疲劳开裂故障的发生,需借助叶根倒角特征模拟件对叶根低周疲劳强度进行考核。基于几何等效相似和载荷工况等效原则,设计了一种真实叶根倒角的特征模拟件。特征模拟件的榫头/叶身沿着周向投影宽度比例、缘板外侧与榫头外侧距离、缘板厚度、倒角半径等重要几何参数均与真实叶片一致。基于线弹性本构,采用Abaqus软件计算了特征模拟件在等效载荷工况下的应力分布。计算结果表明,特征模拟件的最大应力为187.6 MPa,出现在凸台过渡区倒角处,最危险点第一主应力方向为l₁=0.1141、m₁=0.9873、n₁=-0.1103,均与真实叶片对应部位的应力情况吻合,说明该叶根倒角特征模拟件设计合理,可用于考核真实涡轮叶片倒角的低周疲劳强度。     

某涡轴发动机涡轮叶片尾缘孔的蠕变-疲劳寿命预测方法

针对某涡轴发动机的涡轮叶片,建立了考虑应力松弛的蠕变-疲劳寿命分析方法。通过在黏塑性理论框架内耦合蠕变损伤,对某高温合金的非线性蠕变变形进行了数值模拟。结果表明:基于对某涡轮叶片的弹塑性-蠕变分析研究,明确了叶片上前缘和尾缘等关键部位的蠕变损伤及其演化规律,也为确定叶片上的局部危险点提供了一种方法。该模型针对弹塑性应力应变曲线计算误差小于5%,而针对蠕变曲线的模拟精度则处于材料蠕变变形固有属性分散范围内。借助于线性损伤累积寿命理论,分析得到了某涡轮叶片尾缘孔局部考虑了应力松弛的蠕变-疲劳寿命,从而为叶片寿命评价提供了更为合理、工程化应用更好的方法。      

燃气轮机燃烧室预混喷嘴排放性能的试验和数值研究

为了研究当量比、值班燃料量和压力对燃气轮机燃烧室预混喷嘴排放指标的影响,在环境压力下按照等速模化原理进行了燃烧室预混喷嘴的燃烧试验,基于化学反应网络法构建了污染物预测模型,开展了试验和数值对比研究。结果表明:在带值班燃料的情况下该预混喷嘴当量比φ在0.35～0.5时可满足国标排放要求,但是值班燃料量增大会使NO_x排放升高;在φ0.4时,压力对纯预混燃烧NO_x生成无影响,φ0.4时,NO_x会随压力升高而增多;带有值班燃料的预混燃烧时,NO_x对压力变化敏感,压力升高导致NO_x增多;该预混喷嘴混合性能对空气流速不敏感、燃料兼容性强,排放达标当量比范围宽,经进一步设计开发后有潜力应用于燃气轮机低排放燃烧室中。该化学反应器网络模型依赖经验较少,当值班燃料比例≤0.17时,对污染物预测与试验数据符合较好。     

中介轴承外圈故障动力学建模及仿真分析

为了研究航空发动机中介轴承故障特征,基于Hertz非线性接触理论,建立了一种考虑时变位移激励的4自由度中介轴承外圈故障动力学模型。采用双转子试验台对中介轴承外圈故障进行实验模拟,实验结果和动力学模型数值求解结果一致,验证了所建立模型的准确性。采用动力学模型仿真分析了中介轴承外圈存在缺陷情况的振动响应。研究了中介轴承振动方根幅值、波形因子、脉冲因子、峰值因子和峭度因子随缺陷大小、径向载荷的变化规律。结果表明:随着缺陷尺寸或径向载荷增大,中介轴承振动方根幅值呈增大趋势。脉冲因子、峰值因子和峭度因子等无量纲参数随着缺陷尺寸增加,先增大后减小。随着径向载荷增加,以上三个无量纲参数呈增大趋势。同时,证明方根幅值、脉冲因子、峰值因子和峭度因子等特征参数对中介轴承外圈故障敏感。     

透平机械动密封动力特性数值方法研究

密封动力特性系数是评价透平机械转子稳定性的重要参数。对现有密封动力特性数值方法进行了综述,为了比较分析不同的密封动力特性数值方法,分别建立了基于控制体方法的双控体求解模型和基于CFD方法的稳态旋转坐标系与瞬态转子平动、转子单/多频椭圆涡动求解模型,综合比较分析了控制体法、CFD稳态旋转坐标系法和CFD瞬态平动法、单/多频法之间的差异以及适用范围,研究了转子涡动频率对密封气流力和动力特性系数的影响。研究结果表明:控制体法求解速度较快,但求解精度较低,稳态旋转坐标系法只适用于转子做小轨迹同心涡动的求解模型,瞬态平动法求解速度较慢;瞬态单/多频法考虑了转子的涡动频率,更符合密封的实际工作情况;应用瞬态单/多频法得到的密封气流力变化频率与转子涡动频率相同,但气流力的相位滞后于转子涡动位移的相位;密封的直接刚度系数随着转子涡动频率的增加而增大,交叉刚度系数和阻尼系数的绝对值随着转子涡动频率的增加而减小。     

The 2.5 to 5 microns spectrum of comet Halley from the IKS instrument of Vega

Results of the 2.5–5 micron spectroscopic channel of the IKS instrument on Vega are reported and the data reduction process is described. H₂O and CO₂ molecules have been detected with production rates of 10³⁰ s⁻¹ and 1.5 10²⁸ s⁻¹ respectively. Emission features between 3.3 and 3.7 microns are tentatively attributed to CH - bearing compounds - CO is marginally detected with a mixing ratio CO/H₂O 0.2. OH emission and H₂O - ice absorption might also be present in the spectra.