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71.
M.J. Burchell L. Kay P.R. Ratcliff 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1996,17(12):141-145
We present new measurements concerning generation of light flash during hypervelocity impacts. We use iron particles (10−13 to 10−17 kg) with velocities over the range 1 to 42 km/s impacting semi-infinite targets (aluminium and molybdenum). The main results of previous work in the field are found to be reproduced with some slight deviations. For iron projectiles with given mass and velocity the energy of the flash (normalized to mass) is proportional to velocity to the power of 3.5 for aluminium targets and 3.9 for molybdenum targets. The duration of the flash is of order 1 microsecond. Simultaneous measurements of the generation of impact plasma do not change this. The onset of plasma generation of the bulk target material does not affect the total light flash energy. We discuss the duration of the flash compared to a simple calculation of temperature in the target and plasma vs time. 相似文献
72.
73.
P W Barlow 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1996,17(6-7):69-72
The origin and subsequent evolution of life on Earth has taken place within an environment of which a 1g gravitational force is a part. Thus, all living organisms accommodate this variable in their structure and function. Evolution has also selected mechanisms to sense gravity which, in consequence, give particular orientations to living process. It is anticipated that the higher the evolutionary status of an organism, the greater the chance that it will possess multiple mechanisms of gravisensing because evolution discards nothing that assists fitness, but only adds to existing processes. A multiplicity of mechanisms permits gravity to participate in a wide range of developmental programmes, such as taxes, morphisms and tropisms, through the action of different sensors and distinct transduction/response pathways. 相似文献
74.
D J Grdina B A Garnes B Nagy 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1992,12(2-3):257-263
Two thiophosphoroate compounds WR-2721 and WR-151327 were assessed for their ability to modify the deleterious effects (life shortening and carcinogenesis) of fission-spectrum neutrons (kerma-weighted mean energy of 0.85 MeV) or gamma rays on B6CF1 hybrid mice. Male and female mice, 200 of each sex per experimental group, were irradiated individually at 110 days of age. Radioprotectors (400 mg/kg of WR-2721 or 580 mg/kg of WR-151327) were administered intraperitoneally 30 min prior to irradiation. Neutron doses were 10 cGy or 40 cGy and gamma ray doses were 206 cGy or 417 cGy. Animals were housed five to a cage; cage locations in the holding rooms were randomized by computer. Animals were checked daily and all deceased animals were necropsied. WR-2721 afforded protection against both neutron- and gamma-ray-induced carcinogenesis and subsequent life shortening. Cumulative survival curves for unirradiated mice of either sex were unaffectecd by protectors. WR-2721 protected irradiated groups against life shortening by approximately 10 cGy of neutrons or 100 cGy of gamma rays. WR-151327 was as effective as WR-2721 against neutron irradiation. 相似文献
75.
Aiming at a 1-cm Orbit for Low Earth Orbiters: Reduced-Dynamic and Kinematic Precise Orbit Determination 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The computation of high-accuracy orbits is a prerequisite for the success of Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) missions such as CHAMP,
GRACE and GOCE. The mission objectives of these satellites cannot be reached without computing orbits with an accuracy at
the few cm level. Such a level of accuracy might be achieved with the techniques of reduced-dynamic and kinematic precise
orbit determination (POD) assuming continuous Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking (SST) by the Global Positioning System (GPS).
Both techniques have reached a high level of maturity and have been successfully applied to missions in the past, for example
to TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P), leading to (sub-)decimeter orbit accuracy. New LEO gravity missions are (to be) equipped with advanced
GPS receivers promising to provide very high quality SST observations thereby opening the possibility for computing cm-level
accuracy orbits. The computation of orbits at this accuracy level does not only require high-quality GPS receivers, but also
advanced and demanding observation preprocessing and correction algorithms. Moreover, sophisticated parameter estimation schemes
need to be adapted and extended to allow the computation of such orbits. Finally, reliable methods need to be employed for
assessing the orbit quality and providing feedback to the different processing steps in the orbit computation process.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
76.
Lithium ion battery technology is being introduced into power supplies used by our armed forces for a variety of applications. In many cases, the same cells and design parameters that support commercial battery packs are being used in military battery packs. This approach is expected to result in a major decrease in the total life cycle cost of the equipment these batteries support. On June 13, 1991, NAVSEA issued INST9310.1B1, which states that all lithium battery powered equipment must undergo safety evaluation and approval prior to fleet use. This safety program governs a process whereby approvals are issued for lithium batteries to be used in specific equipment on ground facilities, surface combatants, air combatants, and/or submarines. The Naval Ordnance Safety and Security Activity (NOSSA) manages the program. The chief technical advisors are Code 644 at NSWC Carderock Division and Code 609A at NSWC Crane Division. This paper describes three battery designs that incorporate lithium ion technology, and the results of battery safety tests conducted in accordance with navy requirements. 相似文献
77.
P O'Neill 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1994,14(10):221-234
The mutagenic and lethal effects of ionising radiation are thought to result from chemical modifications induced within DNA. This DNA damage is significantly influenced by the chemical environment and the radiation quality (LET). Water closely associated with the DNA and its immediate environment is involved in the early chemical pathways which lead to the induction of DNA damage and is reflected in the cellular radiosensitivity. For instance, hydration of DNA influences hole migration leading to its localisation at guanine. Changes in the radiation quality are discussed in terms of the complexity of the radical clusters produced. It is inferred that at higher LET, the influence of the chemical environment (O2 etc) decreases with respect to DNA damage and cellular radiosensitivity. It is therefore important to include these effects of environment of the DNA upon the early chemical pathways in models of radiation action. 相似文献
78.
Stratton D.A. Stengel R.F. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》1993,29(4):1185-1194
Severe low-altitude wind shear is a threat to aviation safety. Newly developed airborne sensors measure the radial component of wind along a line directly in front of an aircraft. The authors use optimal estimation theory to define a detection algorithm to warn of hazardous wind shear from these sensors. To achieve robustness, a wind shear detection algorithm must distinguish threatening wind shear from less hazardous gustiness, despite variations in wind shear structure. Statistical analysis methods to refine wind shear detection algorithm robustness are presented. Computational methods predict the ability to warn of severe wind shear and avoid false warning. Comparative capability of the detection algorithm as a function of its design parameters is determined, identifying designs that provide robust detection of severe wind shear 相似文献
79.
Intersecting spheres are useful in the design of pressure vessels for weight limited situations as in the case of space or ocean applications. This paper treats the general problem of N intersecting spheres demonstrating that mass reduction can be achieved in relation to the single sphere that encloses the same internal volume. It is shown that this reduction approaches asymptotically the value of 39.5%. 相似文献
80.
R D Govorun I V Koshlan N A Koshlan E A Krasavin N L Shmakova 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2002,30(4):885-890
The induction of HPRT-mutations and survival of Chinese hamster cells (line B11ii-FAF28, clone 431) were studied after irradiation by 4He and 12C-ions of various LET (20-360 keV/micrometers), produced by the U-200 heavy ion accelerator. The RBE increases with LET up to the maximum at 100-200 keV/micrometers and then decreases. Cytogenetic analysis was performed on the HPRT-mutant subclones selected from unirradiated Chinese hamster V-79 cells and from HPRT-mutant subclones that arose after exposure to gamma-rays, 1 GeV protons and 14N-ions (LET-77 keV/micrometers), produced by the synchrophasotron and the U-400M heavy ion accelerator. Slow growing mutant subclones were observed. The cytogenetic properties of individual clones were highly heterogeneous and chromosome instability was observed in both spontaneous and radiation-induced mutants. Chromosome instability was highest among spontaneous mutants and decreased with increasing LET. 相似文献