Influence of graviceptives cues at different level of visual information processing: the effect of prolonged weightlessness

We evaluated the influence of prolonged weightlessness on the performance of visual tasks in the course of the Russian-French missions ANTARES, Post-ANTARES and ALTAIR aboard the MIR station. Eight cosmonauts were subjects in two experiments executed pre-flight, in-flight and post-flight sessions.

In the first experiment, cosmonauts performed a task of symmetry detection in 2-D polygons. The results indicate that this detection is locked in a head retinal reference frame rather than in an environmentally defined one as meridional orientations of symmetry axis (vertical and horizontal) elicited faster response times than oblique ones. However, in weightlessness the saliency of a retinally vertical axis of symmetry is no longer significantly different from an horizontal axis. In the second experiment, cosmonauts performed a mental rotation task in which they judged whether two 3-D objects presented in different orientations were identical. Performance on this task is basically identical in weightlessness and normal gravity.     

毫米波雷达的目标探测系统

为了评估９４ＧＨｚ雷达在全杂波背景中自动检测目标的作用，本文阐述了进行了硬件和系统研制情况，已研制了几种用于野外试验的地基和机载测量雷达。这些系统的复杂性从简单，固态的碰撞雪崩渡越时间（ＩＭＰＡＴＴ）发射机／耿氏组件向具有扫描天线，双接收机和频率捷变的高功率脉冲雷达变化。人们感兴趣的雷达是由低空（３０～６０米）飞行的高速军事飞行器所运载的，且能高概率探测和辨别３公里处活动武装目标群的那种雷达。     

The PROCESS experiment: an astrochemistry laboratory for solid and gaseous organic samples in low-earth orbit

The PROCESS (PRebiotic Organic ChEmistry on the Space Station) experiment was part of the EXPOSE-E payload outside the European Columbus module of the International Space Station from February 2008 to August 2009. During this interval, organic samples were exposed to space conditions to simulate their evolution in various astrophysical environments. The samples used represent organic species related to the evolution of organic matter on the small bodies of the Solar System (carbonaceous asteroids and comets), the photolysis of methane in the atmosphere of Titan, and the search for organic matter at the surface of Mars. This paper describes the hardware developed for this experiment as well as the results for the glycine solid-phase samples and the gas-phase samples that were used with regard to the atmosphere of Titan. Lessons learned from this experiment are also presented for future low-Earth orbit astrochemistry investigations.     

“火卫一-土壤”探测器怎么了?

1月15日,2011年11月8日发射的俄罗斯"火卫一-土壤"星际探测器失控进入地球大气层.据俄罗斯航空航天国防军提供的信息,该事件于莫斯科时间20时45分(格林尼治时间17时45分)发生在太平洋智利惠灵顿岛以西1250公里洋面(约西经92度、南纬49度)上空.美国战略司令部称其于格林尼治时间17时46分(±1分钟)进入大气层,坐标位置在西经87度、南纬46度.偏差未超出预测精度——1分或沿轨道方向约500公里.     

Short-wave infrared reflectance investigation of sites of paleobiological interest: applications for Mars exploration

Rover missions to the rocky bodies of the Solar System and especially to Mars require lightweight, portable instruments that use minimal power, require no sample preparation, and provide suitably diagnostic mineralogical information to an Earth-based exploration team. Short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectroscopic instruments such as the Portable Infrared Mineral Analyser (PIMA, Integrated Spectronics Pty Ltd., Baulkham Hills, NSW, Australia) fulfill all these requirements. We describe an investigation of a possible Mars analogue site using a PIMA instrument. A survey was carried out on the Strelley Pool Chert, an outcrop of stromatolitic, silicified Archean carbonate and clastic succession in the Pilbara Craton, interpreted as being modified by hydrothermal processes. The results of this study demonstrate the capability of SWIR techniques to add significantly to the geological interpretation of such hydrothermally altered outcrops. Minerals identified include dolomite, white micas such as illite-muscovite, and chlorite. In addition, the detection of pyrophyllite in a bleached and altered unit directly beneath the succession suggests acidic, sulfur-rich hydrothermal activity may have interacted with the silicified sediments of the Strelley Pool Chert.     

Small step or giant leap? Human locomotion on Mars

Human locomotion on Mars will be considerably different from on Earth. Optimum walking speeds will be approximately 30% lower and transitioning from a walk to a run will occur at a speed 25% slower. Peak vertical forces will be reduced by as much as 50%, and although ground contact time will remain constant with locomotion in 1 g, stride length and stride time will increase. During running on Mars airborne time will increase by approximately 80% in comparison to running on the Earth. On Mars, half as much energy will be required to travel the equivalent distance on Earth and it will be 65% more economical to run rather than to walk. Crews will, therefore, find themselves using a loping gait--a running-like action, with a slight upper body lean and an extended aerial phase, an unfamiliar gait in terrestrial locomotion.     

弹道靶中超高速发射弹的流场及空气动力特性研究(英)

本文描述的是研究爆炸成型发射弹（ＥＦＰ）模型的流场及超高速空气动力特性所用的弹道试验设备;简要报导了记录全尺寸干涉图形的技术;对径向密度分布再现的方法进行了讨论;在零攻角实验时不同模型的空气动力阻力是采用简化方法来计算的;对各种不同ＥＦＰ型式的气动稳定性提出了定性估计的方法;并阐述了用于组合体超高速飞行特性研究的数值计算技术的基本原理     

SC切晶体谐振器工艺的改进

以前,我们已经讨论了 SC 切晶体的制作,从石英材料切割双转角晶片的技巧和确定 g 灵敏度的试验方法。本文将论述下列几个问题:1)一种采用旋转 X 切法的简化 X 射线定向;2)改变Ψ角时,频率随加速度的变化;3)介绍一个 SC 切成品晶体振荡器的试验结果。     

低噪声500MHz频率源

本文介绍一种高可靠、长寿命频率源的设计。为了可靠的工作,该装置采用了备用结构型式,并用体波和声表面波谐振器来保证极低的相位噪声和寄生输出。500MHz 和400MHz 多路输出是由25MHz 参考输入或由一个内部100MHz 温度补偿晶体振荡器直接合成而产生的。当使用外部参考时,25MHz 输入滤波器和两个50MHz、100MHz 附加晶体滤波器保证在最后倍频之前将相位噪声本底减小到理论最小值。500MHz 倍频输出信号用两端口SAW 谐振器进行滤波。这些谐振器在50欧匹配系统中,工作的输入功率电平为+15dBm。滤波电路还保证将内外产生的调制边带减小到可以忽略的程度。在离载波大于2MHz 间隔频率上,其单边带相位噪声低于-174dBc/Hz。同样,在所有频率上,寄生信号均低于-110dBc。频率源工作在有电噪声的环境中。良好的有源、无源滤波和封装屏蔽可保证最小的导电和辐射敏感性。对系统的苛刻要求决定采用无单点故障的备用重复结构。提出的封装设想是使组件的内部连接最短,并使两个备用发生器在物理和电气上互不相关。