高级合成孔径雷达(SAR)的几种方案简介

未来的SAR设备需要满足苛刻的性能指标,而现行系统ERS-1(地球资源卫星-1)的发展还不足以满足这些要求。需要设计一个灵活的能够重新组合成不同操作模式的SAR,它能提供宽扫描带覆盖(500km,15°到50°入射角)和高分辨率(10m空间)覆盖。文章对一些各具特点的不同操作模式的系统方案进行了讨论和比较。确定了一些SAR的设计要点,并提出了一个综合的系统选择。     

一种测量浇注弹性体材料导热系数的改性方法

最近,威尔金斯和阿什报导了一种用来测量浇注弹性体材料(如橡胶)导热系数的装置。从己进行的少量试验来看,数据的重现性很好(标准偏差为2.5%)但测得的导热系数比报导的标准值大约高出5%。他们指出,末端热损失是造成误差的原因。所以,为了确定末端损失修正系数,对试验装置作了改进。随后,用改进的装置进行了试验,测得了新的导热系数值,并把它和报导的标准值进行了比较。从本文报导的试验结果和介绍的装置,可以看出,本装置是测量橡胶绝热层或固体推进剂这类浇注弹性体材料导热系数的一种实用而经济的方法。     

MX导弹喷管用先进材料评论 Ⅲ 第二级喷管的先进材料

这是评论MX导弹喷管先进材料的连载第三篇文章。根据空军系统司令部的空间导弹系统组织的F07401—73—C—04223合同,航空喷气固体推进公司进行了本文所述的工作。计划包括喷管设计的选择和要求满足MX ADP(Advanced DeveloPment Program)目的的有关技术。本文概述了材料筛选试验、阐述选择材料的原则、所选择材料的性能、缩比尺寸喷管点火试验的结果和用于全尺寸试验的石墨喷管部件的说明等。     

Electrophysiological, histochemical, and hormonal adaptation of rat muscle after prolonged hindlimb suspension

The perspective of long-duration flights for future exploration, imply more research in the field of human adaptation. Previous studies in rat muscles hindlimb suspension (HLS), indicated muscle atrophy and a change of fibre composition from slow-to-fast twitch types. However, the contractile responses to long-term unloading is still unclear. Fifteen adult Wistar rats were studied in 45 and 70 days of muscle unweighting and soleus (SOL) muscle as well as extensor digitorum longus (EDL) were prepared for electrophysiological recordings (single, twitch, tetanic contraction and fatigue) and histochemical stainings. The loss of muscle mass observed was greater in the soleus muscle. The analysis of electrophysiological properties of both EDL and SOL showed significant main effects of group, of number of unweighting days and fatigue properties. Single contraction for soleus muscle remained unchanged but there was statistically significant difference for tetanic contraction and fatigue. Fatigue index showed a decrease for the control rats, but increase for the HLS rats. According to the histochemical findings there was a shift from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism during HLS. The data suggested that muscles atrophied, but they presented an adaptation pattern, while their endurance in fatigue was decreased.     

用于SAR图像的二维超分辨率谱分析

描述了现代谱分析技术应用于合成孔径雷达数据的情况，目的在于提高图像的几何分辨率（相对于采用压缩编码波形和合成孔所得到的图像分辨率而言），以便使随后的分类处理的性能也能有所提高。传统的频谱估值器（即FFT）产生的图像的方位和距离分辨率受到了瑞利极限的限制。用参数谱估值器（如那些位于去线性调频信号的自回归模型周围的估值器）取代FFT，可获得超分辨率图像。所提出的处理方案基于二维协方差方法。讨论了所预期的分辨率的改进和模拟分析的结果。已将这一技术用于机载SAR所获取的图像，分辨率提高了2倍。最后以对未来的研究和应用的展望来结束本文。     

Effects of 12 days exposure to simulated microgravity on central circulatory hemodynamics in the rhesus monkey

Central circulatory hemodynamic responses were measured before and during the initial 9 days of a 12-day 10 degrees head-down tilt (HDT) in 4 flight-sized juvenile rhesus monkeys who were surgically instrumented with a variety of intrathoracic catheters and blood flow sensors to assess the effects of simulated microgravity on central circulatory hemodynamics. Each subject underwent measurements of aortic and left ventricular pressures, and aortic flow before and during HDT as well as during a passive head-up postural test before and after HDT. Heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure were measured, and dP/dt and left ventricular elastance was calculated from hemodynamic measurements. The postural test consisted of 5 min of supine baseline control followed by 5 minutes of 90 degrees upright tilt (HUT). Heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure showed no consistent alterations during HDT. Left ventricular elastance was reduced in all animals throughout HDT, indicating that cardiac compliance was increased. HDT did not consistently alter left ventricular +dP/dt, indicating no change in cardiac contractility. Heart rate during the post-HDT HUT postural test was elevated compared to pre-HDT while post-HDT cardiac output was decreased by 52% as a result of a 54% reduction in stroke volume throughout HUT. Results from this study using an instrumented rhesus monkey suggest that exposure to microgravity may increase ventricular compliance without alternating cardiac contractility. Our project supported the notion that an invasively-instrumented animal model should be viable for use in spaceflight cardiovascular experiments to assess potential changes in myocardial function and cardiac compliance.     

PHYSIOLAB: a cardiovascular laboratory

PHYSIOLAB is a cardio-vascular laboratory designed by CNES in cooperation with IMBP, with double scientific and medical goals: -a better understanding of the basic mechanisms involved in blood pressure and heart rate regulation, in order to predict and control the phenomenon of cardio-vascular deconditionning. -a real-time monitoring of cosmonauts during functional tests. Launched to the MIR station in 1996, this laboratory was set up and used for the first time by Claudie Andre-Deshays during the French mission "Cassiopeia". The scientific program is performed pre, post and in-flight to study phenomena related to the transition to microgravity as well as the return to the earth conditions. Particular emphasis was placed on the development of the real-time telemetry to monitor LBNP test. This function was successful during the Cassiopeia mission, providing the medical team at TSOUP (MIR Control Center in Moscow) with efficient means to control the physiological state of the cosmonaut. Based on the results of this first mission, IMBP and CNES will go on using Physiolab with Russian crews. CNES will take advantage of the upcoming French missions on MIR to improve the system, and intends to develop a new laboratory for the International Space Station.     

DARA vestibular equipment onboard MIR

In space, the weightless environment provides a different stimulus to the otolith organs of the vestibular system, and the resulting signals no longer correspond with the visual and other sensory signals sent to the brain. This signal conflict causes disorientation. To study this and also to understand the vestibular adaptation to weightlessness, DARA has developed scientific equipment for vestibular and visuo-oculomotoric investigations. Especially, two video-oculography systems (monocular--VOG--and binocular--BIVOG, respectively) as well as stimuli such as an optokinetic stimulation device have successfully been employed onboard MIR in the frame of national and European missions since 1992. The monocular VOG was used by Klaus Flade during the MIR '92 mission, by Victor Polyakov during his record 15 months stay onboard MIR in 1993/94 as well as by Ulf Merbold during EUROMIR '94. The binocular version was used by Thomas Reiter and Sergej Avdeyev during the 6 months EUROMIR '95 mission. PIs of the various experiments include H. Scherer and A. Clarke (FU Berlin), M. Dieterichs and S. Krafczyk (LMU Munchen) from Germany as well as C.H. Markham and S.G. Diamond from the United States. Video-Oculography (VOG) is a technique for examining the function of the human balance system located in the inner ear (vestibular system) and the visio-oculomotor interactions of the vestibular organ. The human eye movements are measured, recorded and evaluated by state-of-the-art video techniques. The method was first conceived and designed at the Vestibular Research Laboratory of the ENT Clinic in Steglitz, FU Berlin (A. Clarke, H. Scherer). Kayser-Threde developed, manufactured and tested the facilities for space application under contract to DARA. Evaluation software was first provided by the ENT Clinic, Berlin, later by our subcontractor Sensomotoric Instruments (SMI), Teltow. Optokinetic hardware to support visuo-oculomotoric investigations, has been shipped to MIR for EUROMIR '95 and has successfully been used in conjunction with VOG by ESA astronaut Thomas Reiter. Most recently, BIVOG aboard MIR will be reused in the frame of German/Russian joint experiment sessions employing two Russian cosmonauts from August 1997 to January 1998.     

Motor timing under microgravity

Five participants were tested on their ability to produce accurate and regular inter-response intervals in the 350 to 530 ms time range. Three of them were members of the French-Russian CASSIOPEE 96 spaceflight mission, and the other two were control subjects tested on the ground. During spaceflight, the target inter-response intervals were increasingly undershot and the timing became more variable (less regular). The increase in the timing variability was mostly attributable to the internal timekeeping processes rather than those involved in motor execution. The results are discussed with reference to the physiological mechanisms possibly underlying the timing of fast serial movements.     

太空超声波技术

超声技术一直是医疗界广泛运用的一项科技,它为人类在疾病的诊断防治等方面起到了很大作用。这不,它又走向了太空,并且经过在太空中的进一步研究和实践后又重回地面并且发扬光大。太空超声波技术能够让一个有点基础知识的普通人而非专家在远程指导下就能合理应用,所以超声技术有可能出现在地球上任何一个地方,哪怕那里没有应用超声技术的专家。而且,太空超声技术还具备了很大的在未来拓展应用的潜力,相信它会在未来发挥出更重要的作用。