论现有远地点发动机用于新航天飞行器的有关问题

为了使正进入鉴定阶段的远地点发动机(TE-M-616)用于广播试验卫星,本文介绍了该新航天飞行器对远地点发动机的各系统及分系统提出的要求。由于加拿大通讯技术卫星和广播试验卫星对远地点发动机在环境和性能要求上有所不同,为了解决此问题,必须使远地点发动机经受住最恶劣的环境。喷管设计以及远地点发动机与航天器的对接都利用现有设计结构。根据对远地点发动机分析的结果,已经表明,若保持安全系数不变,只需要对现在进行的试验计划做一些修改和补充。另一方面,对于航天器提出的技术条件必须进一步审核,以便使新航天飞行器设计有最大可能利用现有的远地点发动机。     

The Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN) experiment for NASA's 2009 Mars Science Laboratory

We present a summary of the physical principles and design of the Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN) instrument onboard NASA's 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission. The DAN instrument will use the method of neutron-neutron activation analysis in a space application to study the abundance and depth distribution of water in the martian subsurface along the path of the MSL rover.     

溅镀C轴倾斜的压电膜和切变波谐振器

作者对溅镀的压电膜能否应用于甚高频至微波频率的声波器件进行了研究。本文介绍了切变波谐振器用的C轴倾斜的氧化锌(ZnO)和氮化铝(AlN)膜的生长及特性。文中计算了某些膜的切变波激动的定向关系。这些膜在C轴取向与表面法线成大约45°时,可能激励出接近于纯的切变波。在其他角度,则只能激励准切变波和准纵向波。 C轴对膜法线倾斜方向合适的ZnO或AlN膜,是在配有辅助阳极的反应式直流面磁控管溅镀系统中生长的。这类膜可用扫描式电子显微镜(SEM)和体声波器件测量法进行鉴定。自Si基片法线倾斜的C轴晶粒柱形结构可在扫描式电子显微镜中清楚地看到。C轴倾斜角达45°,厚度达10微米的薄膜已经制做成功。在P~+Si基片上溅镀上ZnO和AlN可以制成复合谐振器。这类谐振器的Q值在200兆赫到500兆赫基频谐振范围内大约为5000。特别令人感兴趣的是可以对谐振频率进行温度补偿。在ZnO/Si和AlN/Si的复合结构上已制造出室温下串联谐振频率的绝对温度系数小于1×10~6/℃的谐振器。ZnO和AlN晶片谐振器的温度系数已测出为-36.2×10~-6/℃和-25×10~-6/℃。这表明P~+Si基片在切变膜时的温度系数大约是+9×10~6/℃、     

On the possibility of Earth-type habitable planets in the 55 Cancri system

We discuss the possibility of Earth-type planets in the planetary system of 55 Cancri, a nearby G8 V star, which is host to two, possibly three, giant planets. We argue that Earth-type planets around 55 Cancri are in principle possible. Several conditions are necessary. First, Earth-type planets must have formed despite the existence of the close-in giant planet(s). In addition, they must be orbitally stable in the region of habitability considering that the stellar habitable zone is relatively close to the star compared to the Sun because of 55 Cancri's low luminosity and may therefore be affected by the close-in giant planet(s). We estimate the likelihood of Earth-type planets around 55 Cancri based on the integrated system approach previously considered, which provides a way of assessing the long-term possibility of photosynthetic biomass production under geodynamic conditions.     

Thoracic sonography for pneumothorax: the clinical evaluation of an operational space medicine spin-off

The recent interest in the use of ultrasound (US) to detect pneumothoraces after acute trauma in North America was initially driven by an operational space medicine concern. Astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) are at risk for pneumothoraces, and US is the only potential medical imaging available. Pneumothoraces are common following trauma, and are a preventable cause of death, as most are treatable with relatively simple interventions. While pneumothoraces are optimally diagnosed clinically, they are more often inapparent even on supine chest radiographs (CXR) with recent series reporting a greater than 50% rate of occult pneumothoraces. In the course of basic scientific investigations in a conventional and parabolic flight laboratory, investigators familiarized themselves with the sonographic features of both pneumothoraces and normal pulmonary ventilation. By examining the visceral–parietal pleural interface (VPPI) with US, investigators became confident in diagnosing pneumothoraces. This knowledge was subsequently translated into practice at an American and a Canadian trauma center. The sonographic examination was found to be more accurate and sensitive than CXR (US 96% and 100% versus US 74% and 36%) in specific circumstances. Initial studies have also suggested that detecting the US features of pleural pulmonary ventilation in the left lung field may offer the ability to exclude serious endotracheal tube malpositions such as right mainstem and esophageal intubations. Applied thoracic US is an example of a clinically useful space medicine spin-off that is improving health care on earth.     

Experimental support for an immunological approach to the search for life on other planets

We propose a three-phase approach to test for evidence of life in extraterrestrial samples. The approach capitalizes on the flexibility, sensitivity, and specificity of antibody-antigen interactions. Data are presented to support the first phase, in which various extraction protocols are compared for efficiency, and in which a preliminary suite of antibodies are tested against various antigens. The antigens and antibodies were chosen on the basis of criteria designed to optimize the detection of extraterrestrial biomarkers unique to living or once-living organisms.     

用N2分子的CARS方法进行快速温度测量

提出一种用激光探测器韵CARS测量气体温度的新方法。根据N_2分子的Q支谱线,用两个光电倍增管信号强度比代替多道分析仪来进行瞬态温度测量,其特点是利用廉价的光学和电子设备,进行高频激光脉冲的实时和现场温度测量,此方法应用到燃烧器上,给出了合理的测温结果。     

Ground based ISS payload microgravity disturbance assessments

In order to verify that the International Space Station (ISS) payload facility racks do not disturb the microgravity environment of neighboring facility racks and that the facility science operations are not compromised, a testing and analytical verification process must be followed. Currently no facility racks have taken this process from start to finish. The authors are participants in implementing this process for the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) Fluids and Combustion Facility (FCF). To address the testing part of the verification process, the Microgravity Emissions Laboratory (MEL) was developed at GRC. The MEL is a 6 degree of freedom inertial measurement system capable of characterizing inertial response forces (emissions) of components, sub-rack payloads, or rack-level payloads down to 10(-7) g's. The inertial force output data, generated from the steady state or transient operations of the test articles, are utilized in analytical simulations to predict the on-orbit vibratory environment at specific science or rack interface locations. Once the facility payload rack and disturbers are properly modeled an assessment can be made as to whether required microgravity levels are achieved. The modeling is utilized to develop microgravity predictions which lead to the development of microgravity sensitive ISS experiment operations once on-orbit. The on-orbit measurements will be verified by use of the NASA GRC Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS). The major topics to be addressed in this paper are: (1) Microgravity Requirements, (2) Microgravity Disturbers, (3) MEL Testing, (4) Disturbance Control, (5) Microgravity Control Process, and (6) On-Orbit Predictions and Verification.     

光纤连接器端面研磨的技术关键

简要地介绍了连接器的生产中最关键的研磨工艺,对研磨工艺流程,研磨质量跟踪表和研磨质量指标通过实际生产过程进行研究。而且利用跟踪记录的研磨数据,并根据研磨质量的指标,找出一套最佳的研磨工艺。从而生产出高质量的连接器。     

预测固体推进剂火箭发动机侵蚀燃烧的数值法

对于固体推进剂火箭燃烧可采用一维模型预测固体推进剂火箭发动机的侵蚀燃烧特性。用取决于不同燃烧速率的速度来表示固体推进剂的侵蚀燃烧。数值积分控制偏微分方程就可得到分析结果。使用非定常公式预测固体推进剂侵蚀燃烧特性。计算了各种不同药形的复合推进剂和双基推进剂的侵蚀燃烧特性。测出了各种不同药形装填密度(药柱初始通孔面积与喉面积之比)对压力时间曲线的影响。现有分析指出,装填密度是确定某一特定药形及化学成分的推进剂侵蚀燃烧特性的最重要参数之一。研究表明低燃速推进剂比高燃速推进剂反映出具有较大的侵蚀燃烧效应。同时也表明长方药形与圆柱药形相比具有较大的初始压力峰,相反压力很快就稳定到一般与装填密度无关的平衡压力。