机载雷达的多个分辨率信号处理技术

合成孔径雷达（SAR）利用通过时间积累和自身的运动所获得的很高空间分辨率，可以降低某一给定分辨单元中的背景杂波功率，从而探测出非运动目标。而地面动目标显示（GMTI）雷达为了探测则采用低得多的分辨处理，利用的是实际孔径与动目标和杂波之间的空．时响应的相对差别。因此，SAR和GMTI代表了两种不同的时间处理分辨尺度，它们对探测固定（在SAR情况下）或者外围杂波中的（在GMTI情况下）目标来说是最佳的，并已经单独验证过，能够很好地工作。基于机载雷达数据处理的这种多个分辨率说明，就有可能研究出一种探测技术，该技术将着手优化信号处理分辨尺度（比如时间积累的长度）来与所关注目标的动态情况相匹配。本文研究怎样利用长相参处理时间间隔（CPI）的信号处理技术来改善GMTI雷达的探测性能。     

中国空军的志愿队

空中作战出现有志愿队 ,乃起自西班牙的佛朗哥内战时代 ,当时双方参与作战的飞行员 ,有来自英、美、苏联、德、意、法等国 ,他们参与的动机 ,多少与其本国的政治背景有关。彼此使用不同的机种 ,互相在空中逞强逞勇 ,借机表演一场国际性的空中比武而已 ,反正胜负都是西班牙人自己的事。我国自七七芦沟桥对日抗战之后 ,于翌年春中国空军已成立一志愿队 ,名为十四队 ,直属于航空委员会。当时航委会的主任是钱大钧将军。队部设在汉口公园内 ,队中的飞行员与地勤人员 ,中外国藉皆有 ,队长是美人史密斯( SMITH) ,年近四十 ,机务员是英人司密时 ,…     

三元乙丙橡胶/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的制备和性能研究

以马来酸酐接枝的EPDM齐聚物(EPDM-g-MAH)作为相容剂,用熔体插层的方法成功制备了EPDM／蒙脱土纳米复合材料,研究了材料形成的机理。X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)观测的结果表明,所制备的纳米复合材料为剥离型结构。与微米级复合材料相比。其力学性能和耐热性能提高。     

A combinatorial approach to biochemical space: description and application to the redox distribution of metabolism

Redox chemistry is central to life on Earth. It is well known that life uses redox chemistry to capture energy from environmental chemical energy gradients. Here, we propose that a second use of redox chemistry, related to building biomass from environmental carbon, is equally important to life. We apply a method based on chemical structure to evaluate the redox range of different groups of terrestrial biochemicals, and find that they are consistently of intermediate redox range. We hypothesize the common intermediate range is related to the chemical space required for the selection of a consistent set of metabolites. We apply a computational method to show that the redox range of the chemical space shows the same restricted redox range as the biochemicals that are selected from that space. By contrast, the carbon from which life is composed is available in the environment only as fully oxidized or reduced species. We therefore argue that redox chemistry is essential to life for assembling biochemicals for biomass building. This biomass-building reason for life to require redox chemistry is in addition (and in contrast) to life's use of redox chemistry to capture energy. Life's use of redox chemistry for biomass capture will generate chemical by-products-that is, biosignature gases-that are not in redox equilibrium with life's environment. These potential biosignature gases may differ from energy-capture redox biosignatures.     

An astrophysical view of Earth-based metabolic biosignature gases

Microbial life on Earth uses a wide range of chemical and energetic resources from diverse habitats. An outcome of this microbial diversity is an extensive and varied list of metabolic byproducts. We review key points of Earth-based microbial metabolism that are useful to the astrophysical search for biosignature gases on exoplanets, including a list of primary and secondary metabolism gas byproducts. Beyond the canonical, unique-to-life biosignature gases on Earth (O(2), O(3), and N(2)O), the list of metabolic byproducts includes gases that might be associated with biosignature gases in appropriate exoplanetary environments. This review aims to serve as a starting point for future astrophysical biosignature gas research.     

明胶溶液及明胶-PEG复合纺丝液流变性研究

通过对明胶溶液和明胶-PEG混合溶液流变性的研究发现,在实验所用的剪切力范围内,明胶溶液和明胶-PEG混合溶液在不同浓度、温度和pH值时均为胀塑性流体,且其粘度随着浓度的增加呈指数增长,随着温度的增加而指数降低.相同质量分数的明胶-PEG混合溶液的粘度明显大于明胶溶液的粘度,表明PEG和明胶之间存在相互作用.在明胶的等电点处,明胶溶液和明胶-PEG混合溶液都具有最低的粘度;不过,明胶-PEG混合溶液对pH的敏感性有所降低.通过对明胶溶液和明胶-PEG混合溶液非牛顿指数n的分析可知,两种溶液在低浓度和高温时更容易受到外部剪切力的影响.上述研究结果对明胶-PEG复合纺丝液的制备具有指导意义.     

Microbial rock inhabitants survive hypervelocity impacts on Mars-like host planets: first phase of lithopanspermia experimentally tested

The scenario of lithopanspermia describes the viable transport of microorganisms via meteorites. To test the first step of lithopanspermia, i.e., the impact ejection from a planet, systematic shock recovery experiments within a pressure range observed in martian meteorites (5-50 GPa) were performed with dry layers of microorganisms (spores of Bacillus subtilis, cells of the endolithic cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis, and thalli and ascocarps of the lichen Xanthoria elegans) sandwiched between gabbro discs (martian analogue rock). Actual shock pressures were determined by refractive index measurements and Raman spectroscopy, and shock temperature profiles were calculated. Pressure-effect curves were constructed for survival of B. subtilis spores and Chroococcidiopsis cells from the number of colony-forming units, and for vitality of the photobiont and mycobiont of Xanthoria elegans from confocal laser scanning microscopy after live/dead staining (FUN-I). A vital launch window for the transport of rock-colonizing microorganisms from a Mars-like planet was inferred, which encompasses shock pressures in the range of 5 to about 40 GPa for the bacterial endospores and the lichens, and a more limited shock pressure range for the cyanobacterium (from 5-10 GPa). The results support concepts of viable impact ejections from Mars-like planets and the possibility of reseeding early Earth after asteroid cataclysms.     

Surface and downhole prospecting tools for planetary exploration: tests of neutron and gamma ray probes

The ability to locate and characterize icy deposits and other hydrogenous materials on the Moon and Mars will help us understand the distribution of water and, therefore, possible habitats at Mars, and may help us locate primitive prebiotic compounds at the Moon's poles. We have developed a rover-borne neutron probe that localizes a near-surface icy deposit and provides information about its burial depth and abundance. We have also developed a borehole neutron probe to determine the stratigraphy of hydrogenous subsurface layers while operating within a drill string segment. In our field tests, we have used a neutron source to "illuminate" surrounding materials and gauge the instruments' efficacy, and we can simulate accurately the observed instrument responses using a Monte Carlo nuclear transport code (MCNPX). An active neutron source would not be needed for lunar or martian near-surface exploration: cosmic-ray interactions provide sufficient neutron flux to depths of several meters and yield better depth and abundance sensitivity than an active source. However, for deep drilling (>or=10 m depth), a source is required. We also present initial tests of a borehole gamma ray lithodensity tool and demonstrate its utility in determining soil or rock densities and composition.     

Elucidation of an iterative process of carbon-carbon bond formation of prebiotic significance

Laboratory experiments carried out under plausible prebiotic conditions (under conditions that might have occurred at primitive deep-sea hydrothermal vents) in water and involving constituents that occur in the vicinity of submarine hydrothermal vents (e.g., CO, H(2)S, NiS) have disclosed an iterative Ni-catalyzed pathway of C-C bond formation. This pathway leads from CO to various organic molecules that comprise, notably, thiols, alkylmono- and disulfides, carboxylic acids, and related thioesters containing up to four carbon atoms. Furthermore, similar experiments with organic compounds containing various functionalities, such as thiols, carboxylic acids, thioesters, and alcohols, gave clues to the mechanisms of this novel synthetic process in which reduced metal species, in particular Ni(0), appear to be the key catalysts. Moreover, the formation of aldehydes (and ketones) as labile intermediates via a hydroformylation-related process proved to be at the core of the chain elongation process. Since this process can potentially lead to organic compounds with any chain length, it could have played a significant role in the prebiotic formation of lipidic amphiphilic molecules such as fatty acids, potential precursors of membrane constituents.