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791.
Extra-vehicular activity (EVA) has a significant role during extended space flights. It demonstrates that humans can survive and perform useful work outside the Orbital Space Stations (OSS) while wearing protective space suits (SS). When the International Space Station 'Alpha' (ISSA) is fully operational, EVA assembly, installation, maintenance and repair operations will become an everyday repetitive work activity in space. It needs new ergonomic evaluation of the work/rest schedule for an increasing of the labor amount per EVA hour. The metabolism assessment is a helpful method to control the productivity of the EVA astronaut and to optimize the work/rest regime. Three following methods were used in Russia to estimate real-time metabolic rates during EVA: 1. Oxygen consumption, computed from the pressure drop in a high pressure bottle per unit time (with actual thermodynamic oxygen properties under high pressure and oxygen leakage taken into account). 2. Carbon dioxide production, computed from CO2 concentration at the contaminant control cartridge and gas flow rate in the life support subsystem closed loop (nominal mode) or gas leakage in the SS open loop (emergency mode). 3. Heat removal, computed from the difference between the temperatures of coolant water or gas and its flow rate in a unit of time (with assumed humidity and wet oxygen state taken into account). Comparison of heat removal values with metabolic rates enables us to determine the thermal balance during an operative medical control of EVA at "Salyut-6", "Salyut-7" and "Mir" OSS. Complex analysis of metabolism, body temperature and heat rate supports a differential diagnosis between emotional and thermal components of stress during EVA. It gives a prognosis of human homeostasis during EVA. Available information has been acquired into an EVA data base which is an effective tool for ergonomical optimization. 相似文献
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讨论通用发动机设计概念及其在运载火箭上的应用,对发动机计划成本和成本节约进行估算,并与助推级、芯级独立使用发动机的设计和研制相比较。 相似文献
793.
超长薄壁带台阶筒体在其加工上有较大难度 ,是适合用强力旋压加工完成的典型零件。通过工艺攻关 ,制作旋压工装 ,确定旋压方式、旋压方案、合理的旋压参数 ,旋压出了合格的筒体制件。该工艺方法已运用于正常的批量生产 ,制件精度良好 ,符合所有要求。 相似文献
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本文概述了下一代全球定位系统(GPS)的空间和地面部分,详细介绍了GPS Block ⅡF项目,GPS ⅡF项目包括:购买33颗卫星,运行和对新一代GPS卫星的地面控制部分提供支持。该项目采用改进的捕获技术来发展和部署新的导航星,包括保障设备和软件,文章中介绍了GPS导生的信号功率,精度和民用服务等性能的改善,并结合GPS ⅡF系统的适应性,使系统性能得到提高。并对GPS ⅡF的构成进行详细描述。 相似文献
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Des Marais DJ Harwit MO Jucks KW Kasting JF Lin DN Lunine JI Schneider J Seager S Traub WA Woolf NJ 《Astrobiology》2002,2(2):153-181
The major goals of NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) and the European Space Agency's Darwin missions are to detect terrestrial-sized extrasolar planets directly and to seek spectroscopic evidence of habitable conditions and life. Here we recommend wavelength ranges and spectral features for these missions. We assess known spectroscopic molecular band features of Earth, Venus, and Mars in the context of putative extrasolar analogs. The preferred wavelength ranges are 7-25 microns in the mid-IR and 0.5 to approximately 1.1 microns in the visible to near-IR. Detection of O2 or its photolytic product O3 merits highest priority. Liquid H2O is not a bioindicator, but it is considered essential to life. Substantial CO2 indicates an atmosphere and oxidation state typical of a terrestrial planet. Abundant CH4 might require a biological source, yet abundant CH4 also can arise from a crust and upper mantle more reduced than that of Earth. The range of characteristics of extrasolar rocky planets might far exceed that of the Solar System. Planetary size and mass are very important indicators of habitability and can be estimated in the mid-IR and potentially also in the visible to near-IR. Additional spectroscopic features merit study, for example, features created by other biosignature compounds in the atmosphere or on the surface and features due to Rayleigh scattering. In summary, we find that both the mid-IR and the visible to near-IR wavelength ranges offer valuable information regarding biosignatures and planetary properties; therefore both merit serious scientific consideration for TPF and Darwin. 相似文献
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