热力学排气系统中节流效应及其冷量利用分析

为更好地理解热力学排气系统(TVS)的运行机理，优化其运行参数，针对节流装置，建立了热力学模型，讨论了节流过程中状态参数的变化规律，对比了单相气体、单相液体节流的性能特性，进一步揭示了焦汤节流效应的原理，分析了不同节流背压下节流前低温工质(液氢和液氧)压力和温度对节流性能的影响，并结合TVS实际应用，阐述了节流最大制冷量的利用效果，提出了优化的TVS工作区间。研究表明：在节流过程不发生相变情况下单相气体节流制冷效应要比单相液体节流制冷效应更加显著；而在节流过程发生相变情况下液体节流至两相后，由于空化吸热导致流体温度降低，对于液氢，0.5MPa的压降可产生接近3 K的温降。对于液体节流，节流前压力对节流过程影响可忽略，〖JP2〗而节流前温度和节流背压对节流过程起主导作用；对于液氢在在轨运行工况下，考虑到节流制冷量的充分利用，同时保证换热过程体积含气率不高于90%，推荐TVS系统中节流背压范围为75～143 kPa。     

RTK model and positioning performance analysis using Galileo four-frequency observations

This paper proposes a real-time kinematic (RTK) model that uses one common reference satellite for the Galileo system with four frequency observations. In the proposed model, the double-differenced (DD) pseudorange and carrier phase biases among the different frequencies are estimated as unknown parameters to recover the integer features of the DD ambiguities among the different frequencies for ambiguity resolution and precise positioning. Analysis results show that the E5a, E5b, and E5 frequencies have virtually the same performance in terms of the positioning accuracy, observation residuals, and ratio values of ambiguity resolution. However, the E1 frequency performs worse than the E5a, E5b, and E5 frequencies. The RTK results for the combination of multiple frequencies are much better than those for a single-frequency observation, the coordinates’ standard deviation is improved about 20–30%, and the ambiguity fix time is improved about 10%.     

Generalised variational assimilation of cloud-affected brightness temperature using simulated hyper-spectral atmospheric infrared sounder data

Assimilated channel brightness temperature data from infrared sounders accounting for cloud effects have a positive effect on weather forecasting, especially in weather-sensitive areas. When cloud effects are included, the channel brightness temperature deviations follow a non-Gaussian distribution. However, classical variational data assimilation follows a Gaussian distribution. When processing the cloud-affected brightness temperature, useful data are lost through the cloud detection process, thus assimilating some channel brightness temperatures with weight function peaks above the cloud top. Furthermore, strict quality control of brightness temperature removes outliers. By adopting the generalised variational assimilation method, which assumes that errors follow a non-Gaussian distribution, this paper assimilates the cloud-affected brightness temperature using simulated data for the hyper-spectral atmospheric infrared sounder (AIRS). A channel set is formed by dynamically selecting AIRS channels. The experiments for retrieving temperature and humidity data demonstrate that the generalised variational assimilated cloud-affected brightness temperature method performs better than the classical method.     

Grinding temperature and energy ratio coefficient in MQL grinding of high-temperature nickel-base alloy by using different vegetable oils as base oil

Vegetable oil can be used as a base oil in minimal quantity of lubrication(MQL). This study compared the performances of MQL grinding by using castor oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, and palm oil as base oils. A K-P36 numerical-control precision surface grinder was used to perform plain grinding on a workpiece material with a high-temperature nickel base alloy. A YDM–III 99 three-dimensional dynamometer was used to measure grinding force,and a clip-type thermocouple was used to determine grinding temperature. The grinding force, grinding temperature, and energy ratio coefficient of MQL grinding were compared among the seven vegetable oil types. Results revealed that(1) castor oil-based MQL grinding yields the lowest grinding force but exhibits the highest grinding temperature and energy ratio coefficient;(2) palm oil-based MQL grinding generates the second lowest grinding force but shows the lowest grinding temperature and energy ratio coefficient;(3) MQL grinding based on the five other vegetable oils produces similar grinding forces, grinding temperatures, and energy ratio coefficients, with values ranging between those of castor oil and palm oil;(4) viscosity significantly influences grinding force and grinding temperature to a greater extent than fatty acid varieties and contents in vegetable oils;(5) although more viscous vegetable oil exhibits greater lubrication and significantly lower grinding force than less viscous vegetable oil, high viscosity reduces the heat exchange capability of vegetable oil and thus yields a high grinding temperature;(6) saturated fatty acid is a more efficient lubricant than unsaturated fatty acid; and(7) a short carbon chain transfers heat more effectively than a long carbon chain. Palm oil is the optimum base oil of MQL grinding, and this base oil yields 26.98 N tangential grinding force,87.10 N normal grinding force, 119.6 °C grinding temperature, and 42.7% energy ratio coefficient.     

阵风载荷减缓系统故障分析

阵风引起的额外载荷会引起飞机结构疲劳,降低结构使用寿命。采用非定常气动力有理函数拟合方法建立时域状态空间下的动力学系统,设计了阵风载荷减缓系统。研究了阵风载荷减缓系统3种典型故障模式(副翼偏转饱和、舵机卡死、副翼偏转延时)的力学建模方法,并对机翼在阵风减缓系统故障模式下的阵风响应进行分析。仿真结果表明,3种故障模式均不利于阵风载荷减缓系统对阵风载荷的减缓,对于一些特定情况,故障模式下的阵风载荷减缓系统不仅不能减缓阵风载荷,还会带来由副翼偏转不当引起的额外负载。     

高级教练机训练模拟器发展趋势分析

现代飞行员培训普遍采用综合训练系统(TTS),训练模拟器是其中的重要组成部分。如何使训练模拟器能够快速、有效地培训飞行员,且具有一定的可持续发展能力,已成为训练模拟器的发展必需解决的问题。本文通过总结国内外训练模拟器的发展情况及分析高级教练机训练模拟器的特点,提出了高级教练机训练模拟器发展的相关建议和思路。     

航天器安全防护保障探讨

把对航天器安全的威胁分为硬和软两大类，分析了对航天器产生威胁的类别，以及为保证航天器安全而需要采取的措施。介绍了研究的内容，需要建设的空间信息对抗系统和空间信息探测网。     

零件表面微观工艺特征性研究 ——产品(零件)工艺技术基础科学问题机理探索

通过研究产品(零件)制造过程、方法、参数等工艺因素,给零件表面及表层带来(留下)特有的微观特征性,首次在高精度惯性仪表和高可靠电磁继电器(机电类)产品制造体系中引入了零件表面微观工艺特征性概念,提出了制造阶段的产品工艺可靠性设计和微观工艺特征(性)分析方法,提出了该类产品制造中的工艺设计更应该关注零件与产品设计原理匹配性和性能特性符合性观点,提出零件制造要从单纯的控制几何精度向控制性能特性转变,从宏观、单一采标的几何参数评价向微观、综合采标的非几何(非尺寸)参数评价模式为主转变的建议.零件表面存在的这种微观特征现象与零件几何精度一样,将对产品制造的合格率、稳定性、可靠性的实现起到至关重要的作用,尤其对产品的合格率影响极大,有必要开展更深入、更系统的研究,以建立起我国自主的高端产品(或零件)制造基准工艺平台.     

民机节油策略研究

节油是航空公司的长效措施,各航空公司均很重视。从飞行具体环节出发,基于性能研究民机节油策略,给出飞行前重量、重心、APU 使用和滑行等措施分析和建议,并给出起飞、爬升、巡航、下降和进近着陆的经济飞行节油策略分析和建议。通过对飞行具体环节节油策略的研究,提出重视飞行计划优化和执行的思路,案例分析优化效果,对比分析现有飞行计划方法,得出飞机制造商提供包含飞行计划和QAR(Quick Access Recorder)分析系统等的整体IT解决方案,是提升节油效果的一个性价比很高的选择的结论。