加强机务班组建设

一线机务班组是机务系统中的最基层组织,为保证航空安全必须使一线机务班组的管理具有有效性,以使团队在职业道德、工作效率、效益成果等有较为突出的表现。并使班组成员通过有效地管理个人能力得到提升,在团队中找到归属感与成就感。     

The application of micro-CT in monitoring bone alterations in tail-suspended rats in vivo

Osteopenia is a pathological process that affects human skeletal health not only on earth but also in long-time spaceflight. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is a nondestructive method for assessing both bone quantity and bone quality. To investigate the characteristics of micro-CT on evaluating the microgravity-induced osteopenia (e.g. early detection time and the sensitive parameters), the bone loss process of tail-suspended rats was monitored by micro-CT in this study. 8-Week-old female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two groups: tail suspension (TS) and control (CON). Volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and microstructure of the femur and tibia were evaluated in vivo by micro-CT at 0, 7, 14, 22 days. Biomechanical properties of the femur and tibia were determined by three-point bending test. The ash weight of bone was also investigated. The results showed that (1) bone loss in the proximal tibia appeared earlier than in the distal femur. (2) On day 7, the percent bone volume (BV/TV) of the tibia 15.44% decreased significantly, and the trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) 30.29% increased significantly in TS group, both of which were detected earlier than other parameters. (3) Biomechanical properties (e.g. femur, −22.4% maximum load and −23.75% Young’s modulus vs. CON) and ash weight of the femur and tibia decreased significantly in the TS group in comparison to CON group. (4) vBMD of the femur and tibia were clearly related to bone ash and dry weight (r = 0.75–0.87, p < 0.05). (5) BV/TV of both femur and tibia were clearly related to maximum load and Young’s modulus (r = 0.66–0.87, p < 0.05). Similarly, trabecular vBMD and BV/TV of the femur and tibia were clearly related to Young’s modulus (r = 0.73–0.89, p < 0.05). These indicated that BV/TV and Tb.Sp were more sensitive than other parameters for evaluating bone loss induced by tail suspension, moreover, trabecular vBMD and other parameters might be used to evaluate bone strength. Therefore, micro-CT is a reliable and sensitive method for predicting unloading-induced bone loss in small animals.     

The influence of the spatial and temporal collocation windows on the comparisons of the ionospheric characteristic parameters derived from COSMIC radio occultation and digisondes

GPS radio occultation (RO) ionospheric products obtained by Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) mission during the year of 2014 and the observations from 3 digisonde stations which are located at different latitudes are used to study the influence of different time and space collocation windows on the comparisons of the ionospheric characteristic parameters (ICPs), including the peak density and peak height, derived from the two techniques. The results show that the correlation coefficients (CC) and the standard deviation of the absolute biases (SDAB) between the ICPs derived from the two techniques vary distinctly under different spatial and time collocation windows. Generally, the CC (SDAB) of the ICPs decrease (increase) as the size of the collocation window increases in time dimension or in space dimension. The rate of change of the statistic parameters with the increase in the size of the collocation window in time dimension and space dimension is analyzed for each digisonde station. It is found that within the collocation window of $\left(60\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n},{20}^{°},{20}^{°}\right)$, the influence of the increase of $1^{°}$ in the space window on the statistical comparison is much more significant than that of the increase of 1?min in the time window, and it is suggested that there can be appropriate relaxation on the time window within the threshold of 60?min to get a balance between the quality of the comparison results and the number of the matched pairs. In addition, it is found that the same variations in the longitude window and in the latitude window may have different influences on the comparison results when the horizontal gradients in electron density are distinctly different along different directions at the digisonde station, and strict space collocation window is preferred when comparing the observations from COSMIC RO with those from the digisonde station in such cases.     

无人机制造外形气动偏差评估方法

气动外形对无人机起着至关重要的作用,有必要对其制造外形的气动偏差进行评估。利用数字摄影测量系统获得无人机制造外形的点云数据;以机头为参考点,将测量点云数据模型与理论模型的坐标系重合,对比重合度并统计无人机制造外形与理论外形的几何偏差分布;根据点云数据进行逆向建模,获得无人机制造外形的三维模型;对无人机理论外形进行CFD计算,与其风洞试验数据进行对比,通过调整网格及计算方法,得到与试验数据相吻合的CFD计算方法;以此方法计算得到无人机制造外形的气动数据,并与无人机的理论气动力进行对比。结果表明:此评估方法能够定量地评估外形制造偏差对无人机气动特性的影响。     

空间光学系统真空热试验污染控制经验综述

真空热试验过程中光学系统可能受到严重污染,因此需制定严格的污染控制措施。文章对NASA、ESA、JAXA 等航天机构的卫星光学系统真空热试验中典型、有代表性的污染控制经验进行了综述,并对我国光学系统真空热试验污染控制提出了若干建议。     

X-37B的发展现状及空气动力技术综述

X-37B的研制和试验国内外一直高度关注。X-37B作为跨大气层飞行器,从空气动力技术角度分析其研究工作很有意义。介绍了X-37B的发展历程,分析了战略用途,并重点介绍了涉及的一些关键气动技术,如气动布局设计优化、气动舵面/RCS/O MS复合控制设计、热防护技术、气动辅助变轨技术等,对其利用三大手段开展的研究工作也作了简要介绍,最后简要总结了X-37B研制过程中的一些经验教训。     

Transient thermal behavior of stratospheric balloons at float conditions

The prediction of the thermal behavior of stratospheric balloons under varying environmental conditions is one of the key issues in the design and flight test of balloons. In this paper, a three-dimensional transient thermal model is developed to predict the thermal behavior of spherical stratospheric balloons. The diurnal variations of the skin and lifting gas temperatures at float conditions are discussed in detail. The further studies on the thermal behavior of stratospheric balloons are presented also.     

人体手端点到点运动的优化轨迹生成与控制

考虑肢体肌肉的生理特征和肌肉收缩的动力学行为,利用肌肉等长收缩的最小功准则研究了人体手端点到点运动的优化轨迹生成与控制问题.讨论了肌肉收缩的动力学特性,建立水平面内上肢运动的动力学模型,提出将肌肉等长收缩的最小功准则作为优化的目标函数,运用最优化理论将手端点到点的运动问题转化为最优控制问题,设计了求解手端运动优化轨迹的迭代算法,得到了手端运动的控制规律和优化轨迹.算例仿真表明该方法对手端运动优化轨迹的预测是有效的.     

Sensitivity of MIMO STAP Radar with Waveform Diversity

Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) is an effective method adopted in airborne radar to suppress ground clutter. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar is a new radar concept and has superiority over conventional radars. Recent proposals have been applying STAP in MIMO configuration to the improvement of the performance of conventional radars. As waveforms transmitted by MIMO radar can be correlated or uncorrelated with each other, this article develops a unified signal model incorporating waveforms for STAP in MIMO radar with waveform diversity. Through this framework, STAP performances are expressed as functions of the waveform covariance matrix (WCM). Then, effects of waveforms can be investigated. The sensitivity, i.e., the maximum range detectable, is shown to be proportional to the maximum eigenvalue of WCM. Both theoretical studies and numerical simulation examples illustrate the waveform effects on the sensitivity of MIMO STAP radar, based on which we can make better trade-off between waveforms to achieve optimal system performance.     

宇航用元器件锡晶须生长研究

通过分析锡晶须的研究历史,将锡晶须的研究归结为三个阶段:早期对锡晶须现象的研究、锡晶须生长机理的研究和减缓锡晶须生长方法的研究。比较了锡晶须长度及密度的测量方法。总结了目前抑制锡晶须生长的方法:在不同基底材料上采用不同厚度镀锡层;使用Ni、In等阻挡层;对镀层表面进行热处理和回流处理;避免使用纯锡镀层,镀层合金化;在镀层表面覆盖保形涂层。