Optimal assimilation for ionospheric weather – Theoretical aspect

Observation, specification and prediction of ionospheric weather are the key scientific pursuits of space physicists, which largely based on an optimal assimilation system. The optimal assimilation system, or commonly called data assimilation system, consists of dynamic process, observation system and optimal estimation procedure. We attempt to give a complete framework in this paper under which the data assimilation procedure carries through. We discuss some crucial issues of data assimilation as follows: modeling a dynamic system for ionospheric weather; state estimation for static or steady system in sense of optimization and likelihood; state and its uncertainty estimation for dynamic process. Meanwhile we also discuss briefly the observability of an observation system; system parameter identification. Some data assimilation procedures existed at present are reviewed in the framework of this paper. As an example, a second order dynamic system is discussed in more detail to illustrate the specific optimal assimilation procedure, ranging from modeling the system, state and its uncertainty calculation, to the quantitatively integration of dynamic law, measurement to significantly reduce the estimation error. The analysis shows that the optimal assimilation model, with mathematical core of optimal estimation, differs from the theoretical, empirical and semi-empirical models in assimilating measured data, being constrained by physical law and being optimized respectively. The data assimilation technique, due to its optimization and integration feature, could obtain better accurate results than those obtained by dynamic process, measurement or their statistical analysis alone. The model based on optimal assimilation meets well with the criterion of the model or algorithm assessment by ‘space weather metrics’. More attention for optimal assimilation procedure creation should be paid to transition matrix finding, which is usually not easy for practical space weather system. High performance computing hardware and software studies should be promoted further so as to meet the requirement of large storage and extensive computation in the optimal estimation. The discussion in this paper is appropriate for the static or steady state or transition process of dynamic system. Many phenomena in space environment are unstable and chaos. So space environment study should include and integrate these two branches of learning. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

原位钛基复合材料中TiB的生成热力学及动力学

采用自蔓延高温合成（SHS）、感应熔炼和熔模精铸相结合的方法，利用Ti—B—Al体系制备出了原位自生TiB增强的钛基复合材料。借助XRD、SEM和TEM分析了复合材料的物相和增强体的形态。结果表明：在复合材料中只存在TiB增强体和Ti，无TiAl3杂质相形成，TiB增强体呈柱状短纤维，这与其B27晶体结构有关，且增强体／基体界面清洁无杂质污染，并从热力学和动力学两方面论述了在Ti—B—Al体系中制备TiB增强体的生成机制：在Ti-B—Al体系中，Al首先受热熔化使得Ti和B相继溶解于Al液中；Ti与Al之间先行发生化学反应形成Ti—Al金属间化合物，放出的热量进一步引发了溶解于液相中的B和Ti产生高温自蔓延形成Ti—B化合物。以热力学理论分析，应最终形成TiB2，但实际上由于动力学影响，最终形成了TiB。     

基于序列图像的无人机自测速方法与试验

为自主、精确测量无人机的飞行速度,研究并发展了一种基于序列图像的无人机自测速方法并进行了相应的试验。该方法利用无人机上已有的惯导装置、高度计和摄像机,在连续成像的条件下,通过匹配跟踪得到地面同名点在相邻两帧光学或红外实时图中的位置,利用飞行高度、姿态信息和成像帧频计算得到无人机的瞬时飞行速度。在无人机的匀速平飞段,通过大量数据拟合得到高精度的平均飞行速度。通过挂飞试验对方法进行了验证,实时得到了小于0.2 m/s的测速结果,满足工程要求的精度,为工程应用打下了一定的基础。     

图书分类专家系统

本文介绍图书分类专家系统,并详细论述系统规则库的建立及其设计方法.     

单轴非线性连续疲劳损伤累积模型的研究

首先在连续疲劳损伤理论的基础上,根据疲劳损伤过程中金属材料韧性的变化特点,建立一种新的非线性疲劳损伤累积模型。该模型考虑了疲劳极限、平均应力以及损伤参量与加载参数的不可分离的特点,并且能够反映出加载顺序的影响。然后推导出该疲劳损伤累积模型在多级加载下的递推公式。经３种金属材料的疲劳试验数据验证结果表明,用该模型预测疲劳寿命,其结果令人满意的。     

直升机抗噪声疲劳设计中的噪声测量

首先,以空气动力理论为基础,对直升机噪声的产生机理进行了分析,描述了直升机的噪声特性;然后,对直升机噪声测量的测试系统进行了阐述,并以小松鼠直升机为例,给出了直升机噪声测量的飞行航迹;还对直升机噪声的几种评价标准进行了说明,以实测数据为例介绍了直升机噪声处理的常规方法,其中包括A计权、1/3倍频程及声暴露级SEL等的计算;最后,给出了典型的数据处理结果。     

仿真转台用连续回转电液伺服马达低速摩擦特性研究

摩擦特性是影响仿真转台用连续回转电液伺服马达超低速性能的重要因素。介绍了马达内部摩擦的形式 ,对叶片作了系统的受力分析 ,通过计算机仿真揭示了马达低速运行时摩擦力矩的变化规律 ,提出了改善马达摩擦特性以提高超低速性能的措施。     

含钾盐的NC/TMETN基钝感双基推进剂火焰结构研究

利用单幅放大摄影法研究了含钾盐消焰剂的NC／TMETN（三羟甲基乙烷三硝酸酯）基钝感推进剂的火焰结构。结果表明，不同的钾盐导致该类推进剂的火焰结构各不相同，含有机钾盐KD的推进剂的火焰结构保持了平台双基推进剂火焰结构的特征，而含K3AlF6的推进剂却有着安全不同的火焰结构。由此可发现K3AlF6使得推进剂平台燃烧效应消失的原因。     

飞航导弹飞行中影响因素分析

为了预先准确地确定飞航导弹的实际飞行轨迹，保证战术指标的实现，从自然环境，弹上设备，特征参数三方面入手，分析了干扰源对导弹飞行性能的影响，得出了有益的结论。     

叶顶间隙对离心叶轮内部流动及气动性能的影响

通过求解 N- S方程 ,数值研究了叶顶间隙对 NASA低速大尺度离心压缩机 (L SCC)三维粘性流场及气动性能的影响 ,在计算程序中采用了当地时间步长、多重网格以及隐式参差光顺来进行加速。对具有 0 .0 % ,5 0 % ,10 0 % ,2 0 0 %倍设计间隙的 4种离心叶轮的流场及气动性能进行了数值预测。研究结果表明 (1) NASA低速大尺度离心压缩机 (L SCC)半开式叶轮的低速尾迹区在压力面与轮盖的角区 ,而相应的闭式叶轮的低速尾迹区聚集在轮盖的中心位置 ;(2 )数值实验表明 ,叶顶间隙并非越小越好 ,可能存在一个最优间隙 ,使得叶轮流动损失最小