用变量分析法对固体火箭发功机作可靠性评定

本文介绍 Thiokol 化学公司 Wasatch 分公司在评定大型全尺寸固体发动机可靠性中,使用变量分析方法的一些新经验。可靠性评定是依据发动机各分系统设计鉴定试验和一次全尺寸发动机静止试车中得到的变量数据来进行的。本文介绍了各变量参数的确定、数据收集、变量分析和将若干分系统的变量数据综合得到系统可靠性评定值的全过程。     

Earth benefits from space life sciences

Contributions of space exploration which are widely recognized are those dealing with the impact of space technology on public health and medical services in both urban and remote rural areas. Telecommunications, image enhancement, 3-dimensional image reconstructions, miniaturization, automation, and data analysis, have transformed the delivery of medical care and have brought about a new impetus to the field of biomedicine. Many areas of medical care and biological research have been affected. These include technological breakthroughs in such areas as: (1) diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cardiovascular diseases, (2) new approaches to the understanding of osteoporosis, (3) early detection of genetic birth defects, (4) emergency medical care, and (5) treatment of chronic metabolic disorders. These are but a few examples where technology originally developed to support space medicine or space research has been applied to solving medical and health care delivery problems on Earth.     

航天飞机固体火箭发动机内的熔渣沉积模拟

固体火箭发动机含铝推进剂燃烧时,在其表面生成铝/三氧化二铝液滴。液滴一旦离开表面与其它液滴碰撞,就会形成大的聚结物(agglomerates)。大部分液滴或聚结物不能随燃气流排出喷管之外,可能沉积(deposite)在发动机的内表面。本研究通过流动模拟来了解航天飞机固体火箭发动机(SRM)内熔渣物的沉积过程和伴随而来的积聚(accumulation)、堆积(pooling)过程,从而提出一种分析方法,以预测与沉积和堆积过程有关的某些未知数。通过对发动机地面卧式试车后发动机内的凝固熔渣进行观察,定性地证实了用这一方法进行分析所得出的结果。本文用这些结果来解释 QM—2发动机(鉴定发动机)内的熔渣,同时也预测飞行过载对熔渣形成的影响。虽然这一方法是为 SRM 提出的,但也适用于任何结构的固体火箭发动机。     

战术导弹强度与环境技术交流会在柳州召开

由航天工业部科学技术委员会委托航天工业部第三研究院第三设计部主持召开的战术导弹强度与环境技术交流会于1982年10月30日至11月3日在广西柳州举行。来自各有关设计、制造、试验、研究与教学各方面近30个单位的90余位代表参加了会议,他们向会议提出了近80篇技术报告。会间,哈尔滨工业大学副校长黄文虎教授作了题为“结构动力学发展中的几个问题”的报告,王锋教授作了题为“断裂力学在飞航式导弹上的应用”的报告,中国科学院力学研究     

喷管进口和喉道几何形状对固体火箭发动机比冲的影响

本文介绍在火箭喷管进口和喉道区域计算完全耦合的燃气——粒子混合物流场的计算机化模型。定常态的燃气流场是作为长时间渐近解计算的,而粒子流场是假定准定常流来计算。对于超音速燃气粒子流场,这一模型则与特征线法结合进行计算。计算表明喷管进口角度、喷管喉道曲率半径比、喉道尺寸以及粒子大小对比冲的影响。文中也介绍了一些发动机试验数据的比较。     

Thoracic sonography for pneumothorax: the clinical evaluation of an operational space medicine spin-off

The recent interest in the use of ultrasound (US) to detect pneumothoraces after acute trauma in North America was initially driven by an operational space medicine concern. Astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) are at risk for pneumothoraces, and US is the only potential medical imaging available. Pneumothoraces are common following trauma, and are a preventable cause of death, as most are treatable with relatively simple interventions. While pneumothoraces are optimally diagnosed clinically, they are more often inapparent even on supine chest radiographs (CXR) with recent series reporting a greater than 50% rate of occult pneumothoraces. In the course of basic scientific investigations in a conventional and parabolic flight laboratory, investigators familiarized themselves with the sonographic features of both pneumothoraces and normal pulmonary ventilation. By examining the visceral–parietal pleural interface (VPPI) with US, investigators became confident in diagnosing pneumothoraces. This knowledge was subsequently translated into practice at an American and a Canadian trauma center. The sonographic examination was found to be more accurate and sensitive than CXR (US 96% and 100% versus US 74% and 36%) in specific circumstances. Initial studies have also suggested that detecting the US features of pleural pulmonary ventilation in the left lung field may offer the ability to exclude serious endotracheal tube malpositions such as right mainstem and esophageal intubations. Applied thoracic US is an example of a clinically useful space medicine spin-off that is improving health care on earth.     

Neutral buoyancy and sleep-deprived serum factors alter expression of cytokines regulating osteogenesis

We examined expression of genes associated with cytokine production, and genes implicated in regulating bone metabolism, in bone stromal and osteoblast cells incubated under standard ground conditions and under conditions of neutral buoyancy, and in the presence/absence of serum from normal or sleep-deprived mice. We observed a clear interaction between these two conditions (exposure to neutral buoyancy and serum stimulation) in promoting enhanced osteoclastogenesis. Both conditions independently altered expression of a number of cytokines implicated in the regulation of bone metabolism. However, using stromal cells from IL-1 and TNFx cytokine(r) KO mice, we concluded that the increased bone loss under microgravity conditions was not primarily cytokine mediated.     

Vanguard--a European robotic astrobiology-focussed Mars sub-surface mission proposal

We present a new European Mars mission proposal to build on the UK-led Beagle2 Mars mission and continue its astrobiology-focussed investigation of Mars. The small surface element to be delivered to the Martian surface--Vanguard--is designed to be carried by a Mars Express-type spacecraft bus to Mars and adopts a similar entry, descent and landing system as Beagle2. The surface element comprises a triad of robotic devices--a lander, a micro-rover of the Sojourner class for surface mobility, and three ground-penetrating moles mounted onto the rover for sub-surface penetration to 5 m depth. The major onboard instruments on the rover include a Raman spectrometer/imager, a laser plasma spectrometer, an infrared spectrometer--these laser instruments provide the basis for in situ "remote" sensing of the sub-surface Martian environment within a powerful scientific package. The moles carry the instruments' sensor head array to the sub-surface. The moles are thus required to undergo a one-way trip down the boreholes without the need for recovery of moles or samples, eliminating much of the robotic complexity invoked by such operations.