欧洲同步科学卫星用的远地点发动机

意大利斯尼亚粘胶公司和法国“欧洲推进公司”于1973年5月开始联合研制“GEOS”欧洲同步科学卫星的远地点发动机,前者负责计划管理,发动机设计,推进剂和绝热层研制,发动机的装配和试验;后者负责壳体、喷管和点火器的设计、制造和试验。计划于1976年1月完成,将成为欧洲首创的远地点发动机。发动机长1130毫米,直径684毫米,装端羧聚丁二烯推进剂267公斤,壳体材料用 Ti—6A1—4V 钛合金,绝热层用石棉乙丙橡胶,采用半潜入喷管,喉径67毫米,膨胀比37,高密度石墨喉衬,碳布缠绕扩散段。发动机总重303公斤,燃烧室平均压力23公斤/厘米~2,真空最大推力2360公斤,真空比冲286秒,使用温度范围-10~℃～+40℃,相应的燃烧时间为51和47秒。研制工作分初步设计、金属件设计,组件鉴定,研制试验,鉴定试验和验收试验六个阶段。研制、鉴定试验中全尺寸发动机试车4发,验收批4发,其中试车2发,交货2发,提出这个报告时,正进行鉴定试验工作,已经取得的试验结果都很好,但研制试验有一台发动机经 X 射线检查,发现装药有缺陷而未进行试车。     

导引头实物仿真技术

讨论了美国陆军导弹司令部在研制面空导弹时采用的导引头实物仿真技术.目前在导弹系统的研制过程中,人们受到很多限制,例如经费有限,需要进行可靠的系统试验,要求在逼真的环境,包括电磁干扰和抗干扰环境中评价系统等.导引头实物仿真试验能为解决上述问题发挥重要作用.介绍和讨论了射频、非红外成像和电-光波段的现有仿真设备及其性能;举例介绍了最近完成的仿真试验结果及其对降低导弹系统研制成本所起的作用.最后介绍了主要的仿真技术和美国陆军提高仿真器能力的未来计划.     

固体推进剂发动机的比冲予示

实际比冲的理论予示方法大家是比较熟悉的.这些方法包括计算由于两相流、扩散、边界层、动能、喷管潜入和不完全燃烧造成的损失。在典型的加铝推进剂中最大的计算损失是两相流损失;由于粒子的大小和分布是不能精确知道的,因此这种计算也就具有最大的不精确性.本文中把由试验数据获得的平均粒子直径与喉径的关系用在固体火箭性能予示程序(SPP)方面,以便予示一系列发动机的推进剂比冲。这些予示与试验结果进行比较。结果指出比冲效率可认为与推进剂的本质有关.此外,试验比冲和比冲效率对发动机和推进剂变量是统计地相关的。这些相关性与较复杂的、较昂贵的理论分析一样准确.除比冲予示外,相关方程在发动机设计最佳化中是有用的。     

A sulfur-based survival strategy for putative phototrophic life in the venusian atmosphere

Several observations indicate that the cloud deck of the venusian atmosphere may provide a plausible refuge for microbial life. Having originated in a hot proto-ocean or been brought in by meteorites from Earth (or Mars), early life on Venus could have adapted to a dry, acidic atmospheric niche as the warming planet lost its oceans. The greatest obstacle for the survival of any organism in this niche may be high doses of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Here we make the argument that such an organism may utilize sulfur allotropes present in the venusian atmosphere, particularly S(8), as a UV sunscreen, as an energy-converting pigment, or as a means for converting UV light to lower frequencies that can be used for photosynthesis. Thus, life could exist today in the clouds of Venus.     

Production of neutrons from interactions of GCR-like particles

In order to help assess the risk to astronauts due to the long-term exposure to the natural radiation environment in space, an understanding of how the primary radiation field is changed when passing through shielding and tissue materials must be obtained. One important aspect of the change in the primary radiation field after passing through shielding materials is the production of secondary particles from the breakup of the primary. Neutrons are an important component of the secondary particle field due to their relatively high biological weighting factors, and due to their relative abundance, especially behind thick shielding scenarios. Because of the complexity of the problem, the estimation of the risk from exposure to the secondary neutron field must be handled using calculational techniques. However, those calculations will need an extensive set of neutron cross section and thicktarget neutron yield data in order to make an accurate assessment of the risk. In this paper we briefly survey the existing neutron-production data sets that are applicable to the space radiation transport problem, and we point out how neutron production from protons is different than neutron production from heavy ions. We also make comparisons of one the heavy-ion data sets with Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) calculations.     

ESA's Biopan 1--"Vitamin" experiment preliminary results

The purpose of “Vitamin” experiment is to study the efficiency of protective substances on three biological acellular systems aqueous solutions exposed to cosmic radiation in space. The first system “LDL”is a low density lipoprotein. The second is “E2-TeBG complexe” in which estradiol (E2) is bound to its plasmatic carrier protein, testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (TeBG). The third is “pBR 322”, a plasmid. “Vitamin” experiment was accomodated in the Biopan which had been mounted on the outer surface of a Foton retrievable satellite. The experiment was exposed to space environment during 15 days. A stable temperature of about 20 °C was maintained throughout the flight. “Vitamin” experiment preliminary results are presented and discussed.     

Remote assistance experiment during the manned space flight Altair

This remote assistance trial, performed within the framework of the manned space flight Altaïr, was carried out by CADMOS (CNES), with the cooperation of the Sub-directorate of CNES Operational Systems, Medes, LBM of Tours and Christol Consultants. It consisted of supplying the cosmonaut performing the Orthostatism experiment (echograph acquisition) on board the Mir station with realtime assistance by an expert (LBM of Tours) working from the ground on the CADMOS premises. The various steps of the approach followed during the preparation phase are described, as well as the technical means of communication used between the Mir station and CADMOS.     

低空防空系统的发展

普通脉冲雷达由于存在地物杂波干扰不能探测到低空飞行的飞机,多普勒雷达由此应运而生.雷锡恩公司首次研制了连续波多普勒雷达,并将之应用于“麻雀”和“霍克”导弹中.以后人们又研制了脉冲多普勒雷达,它兼有脉冲雷达和连续波雷达的特性.介绍雷锡恩公司研制连续波雷达中的关键技术,叙述防空问题的特殊观点.详细论述低空防空武器制导系统的基本技术问题(主要有指令、噪声和尖叫声等)和解决这些问题的主要途径.最后介绍低空防空导弹技术和雷达技术的进展以及现状.     

费用-效果分析在空间运输决策支持系统中的应用

低成本空间运输对保证正常扩大利用空间以及维持所需的地面/空间基地后勤支援是非常重要的.介绍了如何建立空间运输决策支持系统.重点介绍如何在该系统中采用费用-效果分析技术和分析程序.其目的是要提供一种计算机化的决策支持系统,使用户能按费用、进度和技术参数等来组成和评审空间运输系统结构.这种系统和用户有很强的交互作用性,能允许用户针对相同的和在变化中的判据来评审/比较多种空间运输系统方案.