行政自由裁量权的道德边界

行政自由裁量权的正确行使,不仅离不开法律控制,而且需要设立道德边界。行政自由裁量权的道德边界,由行政主体在行政自由裁量中应当遵循的道德原则所构成。这样的道德原则主要有:平等裁量原则、公正裁量原则和据实裁量原则。行政自由裁量的道德原则,内化为行政主体的道德信念,就可以使行政主体自觉地控制其自由裁量行为。而公众舆论对于行政自由裁量过程的道德监督,则是实现行政自由裁量的道德原则内化的外部条件。     

面向空间太阳能电站应用的超大规模天线阵列模块尺寸与姿态偏差效应分析

空间太阳能电站微波能量传输需要具备超大规模的相控阵列波束形成和超高精度的波束指向控制能力。采用大尺寸的基本相控电单元能够缩减天线阵列规模和微波发射通道数目,从而显著降低微波能量发射系统的构造和组装成本。然而,相控单元的尺寸越大,对天线模块的结构刚性和姿态控制精度要求越高。基于天线阵列的结构化构型设计,提出超大规模回复反射阵列的结构模块和相控电单元的尺寸分析模型,推导得到结构模块姿态偏差、电单元尺寸要求和能量传输效率的近似关系及其解析表达式,可供作为空间太阳能电站微波传能天线阵列及其波束控制方案设计的参考依据。     

某航天器输氢管道系统结构完整性评估

为保障某航天器在服役年限内不发生事故,针对航天器上采用插入焊接技术的精密管道系统进行结构完整性评估。在考虑到系统存在整圈的环形未焊透缺陷基础上,结合工程实践,假设在焊接区域存在更危险的平面缺陷。首先,开展高压气相热充氢试验下的标准拉伸和三点弯试验得到管道系统材料"J-75"在临氢环境下应力应变曲线和断裂韧性。其次,采用有限元程序计算系统在内压、惯性载荷与离面位移作用下的应力分布,考虑到间隙配合中的不确定性,改变模型中的最大间隙多次模拟计算,发现最大应力位置基本不变,以此区域作为假想缺陷的具体萌生区域。最后,采用失效评估图（FAD）方法对存在4种缺陷模式的系统分别进行结构完整性评估。通过引入安全裕度的概念,发现系统在含有初始尺寸（0.15 mm）的4种平面缺陷时,均处于安全状态,并且安全裕度都在2倍以上;通过工程临界分析（ECA）发现随着缺陷尺寸的增大,系统中含有缺陷2（位于管道焊接区域最大应力处的轴对称平面且沿焊深方向扩展的缺陷）时最为危险,且当缺陷深度超过0.61 mm时将断裂失效;考虑到测试数据的弥散性,针对系统最危险的模式,以安全裕度为可靠性指标,将失效评估图方法与可靠性评价相结合,得到系统在含有尺寸为0.15 mm的缺陷2情况下保有足够安全裕度的可靠性下限值超过0.999 5。     

纳米复合镍粉雷达吸波涂层研究

采用机械化学法将纳米SiC包覆在镍粉表面制备复合吸波材料,将该材料喷涂在基体上制备吸波涂层,并研究了SiC在复合材料中的含量变化对涂层吸波性能的影响.研究表明,SiC含量为10%时,纳米复合涂层的吸波性能最佳.与镍粉吸波涂层相比,该纳米复合涂层中频段的吸波性能明显提高,发射率小于-5 dB的带宽由7 GHz增加到10.4 GHz,涂层最高吸收值达到-23.4 dB.     

TC11合金高温变形行为及其机理

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟机研究了TC11合金在800～1 050℃、应变速率0.005～5/s条件下的高温变形行为.根据动力学分析,确定了不同温度区间的热激活能和热变形方程.结合变形微观组织观察确定了TC11合金的高温变形机制.结果显示:TC11合金在(α β)两相区和β相区的热变形激活能分别为285.38和141.98 kJ/mol,表明不同温度区间的热变形机理不同;在两相区变形主要发生片状组织的球化,在β相区变形时低应变速率下(0.005～0.05/s)主要发生β相的动态再结晶,高应变速率下(0.05～5/s)主要发生动态回复.研究结果为确定该合金的最佳变形工艺参数提供了理论依据.     

AZ91镁合金搅拌摩擦加工后的组织与性能

采用400rpm-100mm/min,800rpm-100mm/min,800rpm-200mm/min三种工艺参数对铸态AZ91镁合金进行搅拌摩擦加工(FSP)处理,并对合金加工前后的显微组织和拉伸性能及微观断裂机制进行分析。结果表明,经800rpm-100mm/min工艺FSP处理后,合金的显微组织明显细化,延伸率和抗拉强度显著提高,综合拉伸性能最好,且拉伸断口主要表现为韧性断裂的特征。这主要是由于在FSP过程中合金发生动态再结晶,使合金晶粒显著细化及粗大β相的溶解和破碎所致。     

AZ31B变形镁合金激光-MIG复合焊焊接组织和性能分析

采用激光-MIC复合焊对10mm厚的AZ31B变形镁合金进行焊接.利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪等手段分析了焊接接头的外观和截面特征、显微组织、元素分布、焊缝物相和断口形貌等,并检测了接头区域硬度和接头强度.试验结果表明:采用激光-MIG复合焊能获得成形美观的焊缝,无明显的缺陷;焊缝热影响最大宽度位于激光区,约为100μm,焊缝组织为15～25μm的等轴晶粒;相比于母材,焊缝区的镁元素出现烧损,铝和锰元素的比例有一定增加;焊缝区主要为Mg,Al和少量的MgO相.焊接接头硬度值较均匀;焊缝抗拉强度达到222MPa,断口形貌为混合断裂断口.     

The Plasma and Suprathermal Ion Composition (PLASTIC) Investigation on the STEREO Observatories

The Plasma and Suprathermal Ion Composition (PLASTIC) investigation provides the in situ solar wind and low energy heliospheric ion measurements for the NASA Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory Mission, which consists of two spacecraft (STEREO-A, STEREO-B). PLASTIC-A and PLASTIC-B are identical. Each PLASTIC is a time-of-flight/energy mass spectrometer designed to determine the elemental composition, ionic charge states, and bulk flow parameters of major solar wind ions in the mass range from hydrogen to iron. PLASTIC has nearly complete angular coverage in the ecliptic plane and an energy range from ～0.3 to 80 keV/e, from which the distribution functions of suprathermal ions, including those ions created in pick-up and local shock acceleration processes, are also provided.     

The THEMIS Array of Ground-based Observatories for the Study of Auroral Substorms

The NASA Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) project is intended to investigate magnetospheric substorm phenomena, which are the manifestations of a basic instability of the magnetosphere and a dominant mechanism of plasma transport and explosive energy release. The major controversy in substorm science is the uncertainty as to whether the instability is initiated near the Earth, or in the more distant >20 Re magnetic tail. THEMIS will discriminate between the two possibilities by using five in-situ satellites and ground-based all-sky imagers and magnetometers, and inferring the propagation direction by timing the observation of the substorm initiation at multiple locations in the magnetosphere. An array of stations, consisting of 20 all-sky imagers (ASIs) and 30-plus magnetometers, has been developed and deployed in the North American continent, from Alaska to Labrador, for the broad coverage of the nightside magnetosphere. Each ground-based observatory (GBO) contains a white light imager that takes auroral images at a 3-second repetition rate (“cadence”) and a magnetometer that records the 3 axis variation of the magnetic field at 2 Hz frequency. The stations return compressed images, “thumbnails,” to two central databases: one located at UC Berkeley and the other at the University of Calgary, Canada. The full images are recorded at each station on hard drives, and these devices are physically returned to the two data centers for data copying. All data are made available for public use by scientists in “browse products,” accessible by using internet browsers or in the form of downloadable CDF data files (the “browse products” are described in detail in a later section). Twenty all-sky imager stations are installed and running at the time of this publication. An example of a substorm was observed on the 23rd of December 2006, and from the THEMIS GBO data, we found that the substorm onset brightening of the equatorward arc was a gradual process (>27 seconds), with minimal morphology changes until the arc breaks up. The breakup was timed to the nearest frame (<3 s) and located to the nearest latitude degree at about ±3^oE in longitude. The data also showed that a similar breakup occurred in Alaska ～10 minutes later, highlighting the need for an array to distinguish prime onset.     

高超声速飞行器后体喷管三维构型设计

为研究高超声速飞行器后体喷管三维构型的设计,以NASA半壁喷管试验为参考,进行了二维及三维内外流相互作用的数值模拟计算,分析了后体喷管三维流场的特点.从高超声速飞行器机身推进一体化的角度,构建了后体喷管三维构型,进行了不同构型设计对后体喷管性能影响的参数研究.结果表明:后体喷管的三维效应不可忽视,后体喷管侧壁的存在及下壁面长度对性能影响较大.